不同土地利用类型土壤多环芳烃的纵向污染特征及来源解析

为研究城郊地区不同土地利用类型土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向污染特征,对南京市郊菜地、林地、居民点、城镇用地、水田和工业区这6个不同土地利用类型土壤各1剖面(0～100 cm)的15种优控PAHs进行研究,分析了PAHs的纵向分布和组成特征、影响因素和来源.结果表明,6个采样点剖面∑₁₅PAHs含量分别为：菜地69.3～299.2μg·kg^-1、林地20.8～128.3μg·kg^-1、居民点30.7～142.1μg·kg^-1、城镇用地185.6～1 728.7μg·kg^-1、水田208.3～693.0μg·kg^-1和工业区165.6～739.2μg·kg^-1.居民点和林地没有污染,菜地污染水平较轻,水田和工业区污染水平中等,城镇用地污染较严重.除居民点和城镇用地以外的采样点土壤PAHs集中分布在表层或次表层,但在深层仍有检出,且各采样点各深度大多以高环PAHs为主. PAHs的分子特性及成分含量、土壤的理化性质和土地利用方式均会影响P...     

某生物质电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态安全评价

为了解与评价某生物质电厂周边农田土壤多环芳烃的污染状况,按照点源扇形布点原则,在电厂周边4个方位不同距离布点,在远离电厂区域设置对照点.参照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166—2004)采样,共采集25个农田土壤样品.取经过处理的样品5.00 g,用乙腈超声提取、浓缩后,HPLC法测定15种PAHs的含量.描述其空间分布特征,采用特征污染物分析、环数分析、异构体比值分析及聚类分析等方法解析污染来源,运用荷兰分级标准评价法进行生态安全评价.结果显示生物质电厂周边农田土壤中15种PAHs总量为311μg·kg~(-1)(204～576μg·kg~(-1)),TEQ(BaP)为21.9μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1μg·kg~(-1)),明显高于对照区的193μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329μg·kg~(-1))和12.7μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9μg·kg~(-1)).在常年主导风向下风向,BaP、PAHs总量和TEQ(BaP)随烟囱距离的增加呈抛物线趋势分布,最大值在距电厂1000 m处.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中高环PAHs组分高于对照区和燃煤电厂周边,生物质燃烧是该区域PAHs的主要来源.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中BaP、∑PAHs和TEQ(BaP)高于燃煤电厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,存在不容忽视的生态风险.     

铅锌冶炼区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和风险评价

采用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)、凝胶渗透色谱净化(GPC)协同高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法,分析贵州省典型铅锌冶炼区赫章县41个表层农田土壤样品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量水平,并对其污染特征、来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明:典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤∑PAHs的含量范围为196~11592μg·kg~(-1),算术均值和中位值分别为1500μg·kg~(-1)和780μg·kg~(-1),妈姑镇高含量的∑PAHs积累可能与当地长时间的铅锌冶炼活动有关.PAHs组分特征表现出以2~3环和4环多环芳烃为主.根据荷兰土壤干预值,妈姑镇农田土壤96.6%受到了不同程度的污染,其中,轻微污染、中度污染和重度污染所占比例分别为31.0%、24.1%和41.5%.研究区域PAHs的主要来源为煤和生物质的不完全燃烧及石油源.妈姑镇的新厂村、何家冲村、平桥组、拱桥村及赫章县的达依乡采样点土壤中PAHs的TEQBap10超过了荷兰土壤干预值规定的TEQBap10限值33.0μg·kg~(-1),说明赫章县、尤其是赫章县典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤已受到PAHs的污染,存在潜在的生态风险.     

有机碳含量对土壤剖面中多环芳烃纵向迁移的影响

为探索有机碳含量对土壤剖面中多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向迁移的影响,选取北京地区3条有机碳(TOC)含量明显不同的土壤剖面进行了土柱淋滤实验研究.结果表明,通过30 d(相当于北京地区3年的淋滤水量)的淋滤实验后,不同剖面中PAHs均存在不同程度的迁移现象,但剖面中残留的PAHs仍然主要富集在土柱表层0～30 cm土壤中,且中高环数PAHs的残留率明显高于低环数PAHs.TOC含量与PAHs的残留总量之间具有显著的正相关性,TOC含量越高,PAHs残留量越高.此外,TOC对不同环数PAHs迁移的影响程度存在差别,高环数PAHs受TOC变化的影响高于低环数PAHs.     

南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布

采集了江苏省南京和宜兴市的土壤剖面样品,用高效液相色谱分析了16种PAHs在土壤样品中的含量,研究了PAHs在土壤剖面中的纵向分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,在采样点土壤0～10cm的表土中16种PAHs总量最高,为280.8～717.1μg/kg,随着土壤剖面的加深PAHs总量减少,在70～80cm土层中为8.7～97.5μg/kg。不同PAHs组分在土壤中分布的特点不同,低环的PAHs(≤3环)含量在0～80cm土层中都有分布且随土壤深度加深而减少,而高环的PAHs(≥4环)主要分布在0～30cm土层中,30cm以下土层中含量较少甚至检测不到。相关分析表明,在每个土壤剖面中PAHs总量与其土壤有机碳含量显著相关,PAHs在农田土壤剖面中的纵向分布与土壤有机碳含量、PAHs的理化性质有很大的关系。     

淋滤水量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响研究

为了揭示淋滤作用对多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响,选取北京市昌平区一条具有代表性的土壤剖面作为实验样品,进行了PAHs土柱淋滤模拟研究。结果表明:经过淋滤作用后,淋滤水量不同的三个土柱(A1,A2,A3,淋滤水量依次增大)表层土中残留PAHs总量逐渐降低,但不同环数PAHs含量降低幅度存在较大的差别,低环数PAHs受影响程度更大;在淋滤水量相同的情况下,不同环数PAHs的含量均存在随土柱深度的增大而逐渐降低的趋势,但降低程度存在一定差别。由此推测,通过长期淋滤作用,表层土中的PAHs可以向深层土壤迁移,这些认识可以为深层土壤及浅层地下水的多环芳烃污染评价及保护提供合理的理论依据。     

有机碳含量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面残留及迁移的影响

为了揭示有机碳含量(TOC)对多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤剖面中迁移的影响,本文分析了北京地区部分典型的环境功能区(包括自然保护区、耕地、果园、农田、城区及工业区等)土壤剖面中多环芳烃和TOC的纵向分布特征,结合多环芳烃化合物的土柱淋滤实验,讨论了多环芳烃在土壤剖面上的纵向迁移特征.结果表明,不同环境功能区土壤剖面的土壤中多环芳烃的含量存在差异,且与TOC之间存在较强的正相关关系;土柱淋滤实验结果进一步证实,尽管具有不同TOC的土壤剖面中多环芳烃均可能向深层迁移,但TOC对土壤剖面中多环芳烃的残留及纵向迁移能力具有重要的影响,TOC越高,多环芳烃富集量越大,向下迁移量相对减少,反之相反;在TOC相同的情况下,多环芳烃的组成或结构特征对其在土壤剖面中的残留与迁移特征有明显的影响,淋滤水量、淋滤时间和添加PAHs量等对其在土壤剖面中的迁移作用也有一定影响.     

黄河三角洲石油开采区盐渍化农田土壤多环芳烃的分布特征与源解析

采集黄河三角洲石油开采区滨州市89个土壤样品(其中:83个农田土壤样品,6个石油开采区土壤样品),采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析土壤中的16种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)组成与含量,运用主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子法(PMF)模型判断农田土壤中多环芳烃的来源.结果表明,农田土壤中16种PAHs总含量(以干重计)范围31. 5～1 399. 4μg·kg~(-1),其平均值为149. 8μg·kg~(-1). PAHs组成特征表明,该地区农田土壤中主要以4～6环多环芳烃为主,单体PAH间大多呈显著相关(P 0. 01),表明采样区某些单体PAH的污染来源具有一定的相似性.两种源解析方法对多环芳烃的来源判定有相似的结果,农田土壤中PAHs主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧、化石燃料燃烧以及柴油燃烧; 4类源的贡献率依次是汽油燃烧(24. 05%)、柴油燃烧(6. 17%)、低温热解过程(60. 67%)与煤燃烧(9. 11%).     

汾河上中游流域水环境中多环芳烃分布及分配

通过测定汾河上中游流域13个点位丰水期和枯水期水体、表层沉积物中PAHs浓度,分析其分布特征及影响因素.结果表明:汾河上中游流域丰水期和枯水期水中PAHs的平均浓度分别为0.365μg·L~(-1)和0.835μg·L~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;丰水期和枯水期沉积物中PAHs平均浓度分别为1444μg·kg~(-1)和2407μg·kg~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;水和沉积物中PAHs的组成主要是2~4环,但沉积物中高环PAHs组成显著高于水中;丰水期和枯水期中游段(寨上到南关)水体和沉积物中PAHs浓度整体均高于上游段(雷鸣寺到汾河水库).丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相分配系数K_p值分别为642~32345 L·kg~(-1)和671~44929 L·kg~(-1),且随PAHs环数变大K_p值增大;丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相实测的有机碳归一化分配系数(lgK_(oc))总体高于预测值上限;丰水期和枯水期lgK_(oc)与lgK_(ow)均呈较好的相关性,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.764、0.725,枯水期斜率大于丰水期斜率,枯水期较丰水期沉积物吸附的PAHs更多.K_p值与有机碳/COD_(Cr)比值K_(od)呈正相关,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.625和0.728,丰水期和枯水期PAHs K_p值受沉积物中有机碳含量和水中COD_(Cr)含量的影响.     

天津地区土壤有机碳和粘粒对PAHs纵向分布的影响

研究了天津地区土壤中有机碳(TOC)和粘粒含量对多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向分布的影响,利用相对富集系数分析了PAHs在不同土壤深度的富集趋势.结果表明,土壤剖面中PAHs含量峰值一般在土壤的表层和次表层,并随着土壤剖面的加深而减少.土壤中有机碳含量、土壤粒度、PAHs性质和扰动、淋溶等均是影响PAHs纵向迁移的重要因素.PAHs相对富集在有机碳和粘粒含量较高的土壤中.高环PAHs主要是以与土壤有机质胶体结合的形式发生迁移,不易迁移到土壤剖面的深部,而低环PAHs则主要是以溶解态形式发生迁移,相对较易发生迁移.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.