降解甲基对硫磷菌株YL8的分离、纯化及降解机理

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能降解甲基对硫磷(MP)和对硝基苯酚(PNP)的菌株YL8,经生理生化试验和16SrRNA同源性分析,初步将YL8归类为节杆菌属(Arthrobactersp.).该菌株能以MP和PNP为唯一碳源生长,在5h内将起始浓度为50mg/L的MP降解近90%;在9h内将50mg/L的PNP完全降解.YL8在降解MP的过程中几乎检测不到PNP的产生.     

Rhodococcus sp. Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Rhodococcus sp.Ns为对硝基苯酚(PNP)与邻硝基苯酚(ONP)的高效降解菌.在好氧条件下该菌可以耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的PNP,能够利用PNP和ONP为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化.研究了Rhodococcus sp. Ns在不同pH、盐度与浓度范围下,PNP的降解特性并探讨了该菌降解PNP的途径.实验得出该菌在盐度＜5‰、pH＞5的条件下能较快生长,1.5 mmol/L的PNP在96h内被完全降解,并检测到至少2种中间产物4-硝基儿茶酚(4-nitrocatechol)和1,2,4-苯三酚(1,2,4-benzenetriol).红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

Rhodococcus sp. Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Rhodococcus sp. Ns为对硝基苯酚（PNP）与邻硝基苯酚（ONP）的高效降解菌.在好氧条件下该菌可以耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的PNP,能够利用PNP和ONP为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化.研究了Rhodococcus sp. Ns在不同pH、盐度与浓度范围下,PNP的降解特性并探讨了该菌降解PNP的途径.实验得出该菌在盐度<5‰、 pH>5的条件下能较快生长,1.5 mmol/L的PNP在96h内被完全降解,并检测到至少2种中间产物4-硝基儿茶酚(4-nitrocatechol)和1,2,4-苯三酚 (1,2,4-benzenetriol).红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

Achromobacter xylosoxidans NS12的分离和对硝基苯酚的降解

通过富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Achromobacter xylosoxidans NS12在好氧条件下可耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的邻硝基苯酚(ONP)或3.0 mmol/L的对硝基苯酚(PNP),能以PNP和ONP作为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化,但该菌不能利用间硝基苯酚(MNP)作为唯一碳源和氮源生长.研究发现A.xylosoxidans NS12在降解PNP和ONP组成的混合底物时,PNP的存在可抑制ONP的降解,同时ONP的存在也抑制PNP的降解.此外,在利用PNP和ONP的混合底物时,NS12转化PNP的速率显著地高于转化ONP的速率.红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

一株甲基对硫磷高效降解菌的鉴定及特性研究

从长期施用甲基对硫磷(MP)的污染土壤中分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源和氮源生长的新型降解菌HS-D38,并利用该菌既降解MP.结果表明,该菌既在降解MP的同时,可对中间产物对硝基苯酚(PNP)进行降解.该菌既能利用苯胺类物质作为唯一的氮源生长,又能利用对苯二酚作为唯一的碳源生长.经SDS或吖啶橙消除质粒后,HS-D38降解MP和PNP的能力丧失. 表明该菌降解酶可能由质粒DNA编码.对该菌16S rDNA 进行PCR扩增、测序,运用BLAST检索分析并构建了系统进化树.结合生理生化鉴定结果,HS-D38被鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).      

Achromobacter xylosoxidans NS12的分离和对硝基苯酚的降解

通过富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Achromobacter xylosoxidans NS12在好氧条件下可耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的邻硝基苯酚（ONP）或3.0 mmol/L的对硝基苯酚（PNP）,能以PNP和ONP作为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化, 但该菌不能利用间硝基苯酚（MNP）作为唯一碳源和氮源生长.研究发现A. xylosoxidans NS12在降解PNP和ONP组成的混合底物时,PNP的存在可抑制ONP的降解,同时ONP的存在也抑制PNP的降解.此外,在利用PNP和ONP的混合底物时,NS12转化PNP的速率显著地高于转化ONP的速率.红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

降解甲基对硫磷的节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)L4菌株的分离和降解特性研究

从生产甲基对硫磷的山东华阳农药厂污水曝气池中,分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷及其降解中间产物对硝基苯酚为唯一碳源生长的细菌L4菌株.经16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.).用气相色谱法和分光光度法分析L4菌株的降解性能,结果表明,L4在5h内对50mg·L-1的甲基对硫磷和对硝基苯酚的降解率分别为85%和98%,对其它有机磷农药也有良好的降解效果.L4的最适培养条件为pH值7、30℃、接种量30%.     

甲基对硫磷高效降解菌的分离鉴定及降解酶基因的克隆表达

从湖北沙隆达农药厂枵水处理池的活性污泥中分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷(MP)和对硝基苯酚(PNP)为唯一碳源生长的细菌HS-D36,经生理生化试验和16S rDNA同源性分析,初步鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stuazeri).该菌在3h内对浓度为50mg˙L-1MP的降解率为90%;在12h内能将50mg·L-1PNP完全降解.HS-D36在以MP为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基上可以耐受800mg·L-1的MP,在LB培养基上可耐受浓度为2000mg·L-1的MP.同时,克隆了甲基对硫磷水解酶基因mpd,并在E.coli中获得高效表达.重组甲基对硫磷水解酶粗酶液活性达到52.5 U·mL-1.     

Burkholderia sp.FDS-1降解硝基苯酚类化合物的特性研究

从长期受农药污染的土壤中分离到1株高效杀螟硫磷降解菌株Burkholderia sp.FDS^-1,它能以3-甲基-4-硝基苯酚(MNP)为唯一碳源和氮源进行生长.该菌能在9h内将0.6mmol.L-1MNP完全转化成邻甲基对苯二酚(MHQ),并能继续降解MHQ.该菌降解MNP的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0,菌株降解MNP的速率和起始接种量呈正相关.降解MNP的酶为诱导酶.     

七株有机磷农药降解菌的降解特性比较

对分离自同一有机磷农药污染土壤的7株有机磷农药降解菌的降解特性进行了比较,7株降解菌都能利用甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源生长,并生成中间代谢产物对硝基苯酚.对硝基苯酚的降解经过一段延滞期,不同菌株降解对硝基苯酚的能力和延滞期有很大差异.降解菌株对多种有机磷类农药和芳香族化合物具有降解能力,其降解谱表现了一定的差异.用PCR方法从7株降解菌中克隆了有机磷农药水解酶基因.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.