澜沧江流域浮游细菌群落结构特征及驱动因子分析

为探究澜沧江流域的浮游细菌群落结构特征及驱动因子,应用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2017年2月澜沧江流域浮游细菌群落结构特征,并采用Pearson相关性分析(Pearson correlation analysis)和冗余分析(RDA)识别了澜沧江自然河道段和水库段浮游细菌群落结构变化的关键环境因子.结果表明,自然河道段ACE指数和Shannon指数均高于水库段,造成自然河道段和水库段浮游细菌多样性变化的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度(Tur)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index)、p H和总氮(TN).对16S rRNA V3和V4测序,得到用于物种分类的OTU数共26772,涵盖了浮游细菌群落共45门,965属.菌群分类发现,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势门,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)含量相对丰富,占细菌群落的36%~94%.澜沧江流域变形菌门(Proteobacteria)主要包括α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),分别占变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的比例为0.39%~21.56%、0.39%~55.80%和31.09%~99.18%.澜沧江水体浮游细菌群落空间差异明显,影响浮游细菌群落结构变化的环境因子主要为WT、高锰酸盐指数、Tur、DO和TN.自然河道段和水库段影响浮游细菌群落结构的环境因子不同,DO和Tur是影响自然河道段浮游细菌群落结构的关键环境因子,而水库段浮游细菌群落结构主要受WT、高锰酸盐指数和TN的影响.     

浑河底泥细菌与古菌群落结构空间变化特征研究

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,考察了浑河表层底泥中细菌与古菌的多样性及群落结构变化情况.多样性结果表明,从上游至下游,底泥样品中细菌与古菌的种群结构均呈现由单一向复杂的演替趋势,且两者的Shannon多样性指数均在沈阳市下游的采样点-白塔堡河汇入浑河处分别达到其最大值3.88和2.91;而浑河底泥中细菌多样性及种群丰度均大于古菌多样性及种群丰度.群落结构的聚类分析结果表明,浑河底泥中细菌的群落结构具有明显区域特征,而古菌群落结构上下游保持稳定.冗余梯度分析(RDA)结果表明,上覆水中NO-3-N、NO-2-N、pH和Chl-a是影响细菌群落的主要因素,而NH+4-N、Chl-a、TP和NO-3-N则是影响古菌群落的主要因素.     

有机污染物对杭州湾海域浮游细菌群落的影响

杭州湾海域剧烈的人为干扰及大量的陆源输入,导致有机物污染严重,是我国近海污染最严重的海域之一.微生物在污染物降解过程中发挥着关键作用并能作为评价污染程度的生物标记,但对于浮游细菌群落如何响应有机污染物尚不清楚.因此,本研究从杭州湾采集了13个站点的表层水样(水表下0.5 m),并采集了邻近外海8个站点的水样作为对照,利用Illumina Mi Seq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,研究不同有机污染程度对浮游细菌群落的影响.结果表明杭州湾有机污染值A(13.2±1.6)显著(P0.001)高于邻近外海(5.4±3.0),且两区域浮游细菌分布和多样性存在显著差异.杭州湾浮游细菌群落优势菌群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria,24.4%±5.5%)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria,16.5%±7.7%)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,13.9%±8.6%),邻近海域主要优势菌群为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,20.1%±7.5%)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,18.4%±1.5%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,17.5%±4.2%)、γ-变形菌纲(16.6%±1.2%)和α-变形菌纲(14.3%±1.7%).多元回归树(multivariate regression tree,MRT)分析表明:悬浮颗粒(suspended particulates,SP)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2)、油污(oil)、有机污染是影响浮游细菌群落多样性的最主要因素,分别解释了22.0%、6.5%、6.0%和5.5%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明:驱动浮游细菌群落变异的环境因子有机污染、化学需氧量(COD)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总氮(TN)、硝酸盐(NO-3)和盐度对物种分布的总解释量为71.0%,而有机污染作为单因子控制了6.5%的群落变异,高于其它单一因子.此外,采用指示值方法共挑选出了35个敏感物种,这些物种相对丰度与有机污染显著相关,可用来指示近海有机污染水平.综上,浮游细菌群落对环境污染敏感,为评价海洋有机污染水平提供了敏感的生物学指标.     

旅游活动对岩溶洞穴地下水中细菌群落的影响:以重庆丰都两个洞穴为例

为了深入了解岩溶洞穴地下水中细菌群落结构特征以及评估旅游活动对细菌群落的影响,对重庆丰都雪玉洞(旅游洞穴)和水鸣洞(未开发洞穴)洞穴地下河水进行了采样,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对地下水样品中的细菌进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,两个洞穴地下水中细菌群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主,但细菌群落组成存在差异.雪玉洞地下河上游和下游的变形菌门分别占总群落的62%和64%,拟杆菌门分别占11%和16%;水鸣洞地下水中细菌优势群落除变形菌门(38%)和拟杆菌门(19%)外,绿菌门(Chlorobi)占24%,两个洞穴地下水中变形菌门的纲分类均为γ-变形菌纲.γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacterium)和拟杆菌为两个洞穴地下水的优势种类但其主要细菌存在差异:雪玉洞主要细菌是不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae),属于致病菌;水鸣洞主要细菌是未培养的甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae-uncultured)、甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)以及甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter),属于甲烷氧化细菌.多样性指数分析结果显示:受旅游活动的强烈影响,雪玉洞群落多样性明显高于水鸣洞并且存在更多的致病菌群落,地下水细菌群落与环境因子多元直接梯度分析(RDA)证明群落分布规律受游客数量与洞穴空气CO_2影响且呈正相关,两种环境因子的Spearman相关性分析进一步表明游客数量对地下水细菌群落结构的影响更明显并导致大量原生细菌消失.     

16S rRNA高通量测序研究集雨窖水中微生物群落结构及多样性

为探究集雨窖水中细菌多样性及功能与主要水质因子之间关系,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析和比较了不同类型集雨水窖中窖水的微生物群落结构及多样性.通过提取4组样品基因组DNA,对16S rRNA V4区测序,共获得用于物种分类的OTU 1605条,涵盖了22门、42纲、71目、115科、146属的细菌.微生物多样性分析表明,窖水具有很高的细菌多样性,不同样品多样性存在差异,细菌优势菌群分布呈现出大量的稀有种和少数常见种的模式.菌群分类发现,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线细菌门（Actinobacteria）、疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）和OD1是主要的细菌菌门,其相对丰度占群落的87.1%~94.8%;放线菌门的放线细菌纲（Actinobacteria）、酸微菌纲（Acidimicrobiia）,拟杆菌门的噬纤维菌纲（Cytophagia）、黄杆菌纲（Flavobacteriia）、鞘脂杆菌纲（Sphingobacteriia）,变形菌门中α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、γ-变形菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）,疣微菌门丰收神菌纲（Opitutae）、疣微菌纲（Verrucomicrobiae）、Pedosphaerae,OD1的ZB2为纲层次上的优势菌;红细菌属（Rhodobacter）、脱氮单孢菌属（Dechloromonas）、黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、丛毛单孢菌属（Comamonas）、假单孢菌属（Pseudomonas）、嗜氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga）等优势菌属大多数为具有脱氮除磷功能的反硝化菌和异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌;RDA分析表明,不同环境因子对微生物群落的影响有着明显的不同,即第Ⅱ簇内的菌属主要与反映窖水有机物含量的指标UV₂₅₄、高锰酸盐指数、BOD₅之间呈显著正相关关系,而第Ⅲ簇内的菌属主要与反映窖水氮、磷水平的指标TN、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N、TP、NH₄⁺-N显著正相关,体现了生态功能的簇内相似性及簇间差异性.研究结果加深了对窖水微生物群落结构和多样性的认识,为深入研究窖水细菌多样性及功能与水质因子之间关系提供了借鉴.     

城市河流沉积物微生物量分布和群落结构特征

沉积物微生物是河流生态系统物质循环及水体净化的驱动力.为了探讨城市河流不同河段沉积物微生物量分布和群落结构特征及其影响因素,采用PLFAs分析方法和高通量测序技术获得沉积物微生物量和群落结构指标,并利用冗余分析(RDA)和相关性分析等方法探究影响河流沉积物微生物量和群落结构的主要环境因素.结果表明:除上游样点C7外,沉积物细菌优势菌门均为变形菌门,次优势菌门为绿弯菌门,优势菌纲为β-变形菌纲,次优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲;同一河段内沉积物微生物组成和细菌群落结构相似,而不同河段间沉积物微生物组成和细菌群落结构差异明显;下游沉积物细菌多样性和丰富度(香农指数均值10.20,Chao1指数均值3011.5)显著高于中游(香农指数均值9.50,Chao1指数均值2808.2)和上游(香农指数均值9.38,Chao1指数均值2681.2);沉积物微生物PLFAs总量和各菌群PLFAs含量均表现为中游沉积物中含量较高(PLFAs总量均值412.1 nmol·g~(-1)),而下游(PLFAs总量均值218.6 nmol·g~(-1))和上游(PLFAs总量均值215.1 nmol·g~(-1))沉积物中含量相对较低.分析和讨论结果表明,速效钾、pH、C/P、TC、C/N和铵态氮是影响不同河段沉积物细菌群落结构特征的主要环境因子,TC、TN、C/P和pH是影响沉积物细菌多样性的主要环境因子,而速效钾、C/P、TN、TC和pH是影响不同河段沉积物微生物量分布的主要环境因子.十五里河不同河段的沉积物微生物通过微生物量和群落结构特征反映不同河段环境状况,并发挥着水体净化和河流生态系统健康维持的功能.     

高通量测序法表征潜流人工湿地中不同植物根际细菌群落特征

为了研究人工湿地中植物根际、污水水质和深度等对细菌群落结构特征分布的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对人工湿地中芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)2种植物根际3个不同深度细菌群落特征进行了研究.细菌群落丰富度和多样性研究结果表明,芦苇根际细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于香蒲根际,细菌在芦苇根际周围可以更好地生存;同一植物根际细菌的丰富度和多样性随着深度的增加逐渐减少.相似度和差异性分析结果表明,相同植物根际细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同根际群落结构有一定的差别.优势细菌菌群分析结果发现,细菌群落在门类水平上达到13门以上,优势细菌种群均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为主,相对丰度约为55%~78%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要有α-变形杆菌纲、β-变形菌、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、相对丰度达到50%以上,植物根际富集的主要纲类细菌是β-变形菌纲.影响细菌群落结构丰富度和多样性的主要环境因素是营养物浓度、植物、采样深度和温度.     

嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物细菌群落多样性

为探究不同人为扰动对自然河流生态环境的影响,以嘉陵江河道沉积物细菌群落为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析工程干扰、支流干扰、采砂干扰、垦殖干扰和无干扰断面河道沉积物细菌的群落组成和功能变化.结果表明,嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物理化性质和细菌群落多样性均具有显著差异(P<0.05).无干扰断面细菌群落多样性最高,同时,采砂干扰和无干扰断面细菌群落均匀度最高,而支流干扰和垦殖干扰均导致细菌群落多样性和均匀度降低.工程干扰对细菌群落组成的影响显著区别于其他4种干扰断面.细菌优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和Vicinamibacteria纲.采砂干扰导致放线菌门增加,工程干扰促进了酸杆菌门的增加.含水率、有机碳、总氮和总磷是影响沉积物微生物群落变化的主要环境因子.细菌群落主要涉及新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程这4类一级...     

南淝河表层沉积物细菌群落结构特征及驱动因素

为了探讨南淝河不同河段沉积物细菌群落结构特征差异及其主要驱动因素,在对南淝河不同土地利用区域河段表层沉积物的主要理化指标（pH、CEC、TOC、DOC、氮分级形态）进行分析基础上,重点通过MiSeq高通量测序技术对沉积物中细菌群落结构特征进行了分析,并利用冗余分析（RDA）方法探讨了导致群落结构差异的主要驱动因素.结果表明：沉积物中门水平下优势细菌种群为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;纲水平下除未分类外主要是厌氧绳菌纲（Anaerolineae）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、梭状芽胞杆菌纲（Clostridia）、δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）,此外ε-变形菌纲（Epsilonproteobacteria）主要在南淝河下游采样点被检测到,说明其在南淝河沉积物生态系统中并不是普遍存在的;属水平下大多为未分类序列,长绳菌属（Longilinea）和芽孢杆菌属（Bellilinea）有优势地位.南淝河不同河段所在流域土地利用方式不同会导致污染物类型、污染源强和沉积物理化指标的不同,进而影响沉积物细菌群落结构,中游城区和工业区段的细菌多样性整体上高于上、下游;RDA分析结果表明,表层沉积物的CEC、TOC、DOC、TP、WAEF-N和IEF-N是导致细菌群落结构特征差异的主要影响因子,其中变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门受TP影响较大,绿弯菌门则受弱酸浸取态氮（WAEF-N）影响较大.     

生物炭添加对半干旱区土壤细菌群落的影响

以半干旱区固原生态试验站生物炭修复4a的表层土壤为对象，采用高通量测序技术研究了不同添加类型（槐树皮生物炭、锯末生物炭）和比例（1%、3%、5%，质量百分比）的生物炭对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.结果表明，生物炭应用提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性，锯末生物炭优于槐树皮生物炭，且3%锯末生物炭对细菌群落的多样性影响最佳，其香农指数为6.22；优势门主要为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和Saccharibacteria，相对丰度共占76.80%~85.31%；优势纲有放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria），其相对丰度占48.13%~57.08%；属水平上，施加生物炭增加了芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度，降低了土微菌属（Pedomicrobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的相对丰度；层级聚类及冗余分析（RDA）发现，施加生物炭对细菌群落结构有影响，其中，微生物量碳、含水率、铵态氮、有机碳对细菌群落结构的影响较大.细菌优势门与环境因子相关性热图分析表明，铵态氮与放线菌门、绿弯菌门呈显著相关性.铵态氮是影响细菌群落的主要理化因子.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.