电炉钢渣对水中Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+的去除作用

以宝钢电炉钢渣为研究对象,考察了钢渣对溶液中重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学特征,借助多种分析手段(XRD、BET比表面分析、SEM/EDS等)对钢渣进行了理化性能测试和表征.结果表明,电炉钢渣对重金属离子的吸附速率较快,吸附速率顺序为Cd2+>Pb2+>Cu2+,吸附过程符合一级动力学模型(R2>0.99).吸附等温实验结果表明,Langmuir模型较为适合重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附,实验条件下对Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+离子的最大吸附容量分别为0.101、0.058、0.120 mmol.g-1.3种重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附是一个吸热(ΔH0<0)、熵值增大(ΔS0>0)的自发反应过程(ΔG0<0),熵效应是吸附反应自发进行的主要驱动力.SEM/EDS分析结果揭示了吸附前后钢渣表面形貌和化学成分的变化.电炉钢渣以其低价、高效性在重金属废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Using a novel adsorbent macrocyclic compound cucurbit[8]uril for Pb~(2+) removal from aqueous solution

In this study, cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8]) was utilized as a kind of new adsorbent to remove Pb~(2+) ions from aqueous solution. With the solution p H increased from 2 to 6, the removal efficiency of adsorption increased from 55.6% to 74.5%correspondingly. The uptake of Pb~(2+) increased rapidly in the initial 30 min, and then the adsorption rate became slower. The Pseudo-second order model could be used to interpret the adsorption kinetics satisfactorily;and the rate determining step in Pb~(2+) adsorption onto CB[8] was the external mass transfer step. Equilibrium isotherm study reveals that the Langmuir model gave a better fitting result than Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 152.67 mg/g for 298 K, 149.70 mg/g for 313 K and 136.42 mg/g for 323 K, respectively.The adsorption is a spontaneous process of exothermic nature. The effect of the adsorbent dosage and the influences of solution p H and co-existing cations were also investigated.The CB[8] was synthesized and characterized by ~(1)H NMR, IR, ESI-MS spectra, SEM-EDAX,Zeta-potential and BET-analysis. The adsorption mechanism was due to the coordination between CB[8] molecule and Pb~(2+) ions.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

白腐菌处理铅污染废弃稻草的动态变化研究

通过研究铅污染废弃稻草基质,探讨了不同w(Pb2+)条件下白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解性能以及发酵基质总重、腐殖酸碳的变化规律,并在降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的同时,研究了白腐菌对发酵基质中重金属的钝化作用.结果表明:在w(Pb2+)为200 mg/kg条件下,白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等较难降解的有机物表现出最好的降解性能,且对Pb2+的钝化作用很明显,对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为52.36%,32.29%和44.16%;发酵基质总失重率最高达29.89%;w(腐殖酸碳)达142.01 mg/g.      

重金属在松花江沉积物中的竞争吸附行为及pH的影响

研究了复合污染的重金属体系(多元体系)中松花江沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的热力学和动力学特征,以及pH对重金属吸附量的影响. 结果表明:Langmuir吸附等温线可以很好地描述多元体系中沉积物吸附重金属的热力学过程,沉积物吸附5种重金属离子能力的顺序为Hg2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>>Zn2+> Cd2+. 在相同的条件下,与单一体系相比,多元体系中Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+吸附量减小的程度远远大于Hg2+和Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别减少了31.9%,32.1%和68.1%. 一级动力学方程和Langmuir动力学方程可以较好地描述沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的动力学过程. 沉积物对5种重金属的吸附速率为Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Hg2+. 沉积物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力随pH的降低而减小,pH的降低造成锰氧化物的溶解,可能在一定程度上影响沉积物对重金属的吸附能力.      

Heavy metals removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K_2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K_2S. Raw coal was mixed with K_2S powder and then heated at 800℃ for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K_2S char. The sulfur content and form in K_2S char were determined, and the ability of K_2S char to adsorb Zn~(2+), Cd~(2+) and Pb~(2+) was examined. The K_2S impregnation was effective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K_2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn~(2+) removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn~(2+) solution by K_2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K_2S char adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) in 24 mmol/L of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) solution with the removal rate of 97 % and 35 %, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K_2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K_2S char.     

High phosphate removal using La(OH)3 loaded chitosan based composites and mechanistic study

Our present study was to prepare a biomass-supported adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity and high selectivity to prevent the accelerated eutrophication in water body. To this end, different metal hydroxide (La, Zr and Fe) first was successfully loaded on chitosan microspheres. Then the quaternary ammonium group with different content was introduced into the adsorbent by polymerization. By comparison of adsorption properties, chitosan-La(OH)₃-quaternary ammonium-20% (CS-La-N-20%) has strong adsorption to phosphate (160 mg/g) by immobilizing nano-sized La(OH)₃ within a quaternary-aminated chitosan and it maintain high adsorption in the presence of salt ions. The pH results indicated that the CS-La-N-20% would effectively sequestrate phosphate over a wide pH range between 3 and 7 without significant La³⁺ leaching. What's more, adsorption capacity on the introduce of positively charged quanternary-aminated groups was significantly higher than that of the unmodified adsorbents at alkaline conditions. The column adsorption capacity reached 1300 bed volumes (BV) when phosphate concentration decreased until 0.5 mg/L at 6 BV/hr. The column adsorption/desorption reveals that no significant capacity loss is observed, indicating excellent stability and repeated use property. Characterizations revealed that phosphate adsorption on CS-La-N-20% through ligand exchange (impregnated nano-La(OH)₃) and electrostatic attraction (positively charged quanternary-aminated groups). All the results suggested that CS-La-N-20% can serve as a promising adsorbent for preferable phosphate removal in realistic application.     

二茂铁催化光助非均相类Fenton氧化法处理含罗丹明B废水

采用二茂铁(Fc)替代UV/Fenton体系中的催化剂Fe2+,构建了一个新的UV/H2O2/Fc非均相Fenton反应体系,研究了该反应体系对含罗丹明B模拟废水的脱色性能.结果表明,Fc对水中UV/Fenton反应具有良好的催化活性,对罗丹明B起氧化作用的主要物质是·OH和其他活性物质.对水中罗丹明B的氧化脱色反应的催化性稳定,对Fc重复回收利用3次后对模拟废水仍有99%以上的脱色率;UV/H2O2/Fc体系处理罗丹明B的最佳工艺条件是H2O2的浓度为1.5′10-2mol/L,Fc的投加量为0.13g/L,初始pH值在2~6之间.证实了Fc作为光助非均相Fenton体系催化剂的可能性.     

深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.SM9913胞外多糖对Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附性能研究

采用深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913分泌的胞外多糖(EPS)分别对Pb2+和Cu2+进行吸附,研究了多糖用量、pH、吸附时间和共存离子对EPS吸附性能的影响及EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附热力学.结果表明,EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附量随EPS投加量的增加而减小.EPS对Pb2+和Cu2+的最佳吸附pH分别为4.5～5.5和4.5～6.0. EPS对Cu2+的吸附平衡时间为90 min,对Pb2+的吸附平衡时间则长达180 min.共存离子Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的加入均降低了EPS对Pb2+的吸附量,Ca2+、Mg2+的加入降低了EPS对Cu2+的吸附量,但低浓度的Na+和实验范围浓度的K+不仅没有降低反而增加了EPS对Cu2+的吸附量.Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich方程均能较好地描述SM9913胞外多糖吸附Pb2+和Cu2+的热力学过程,由Dubinin-Radushkevich方程得到SM9913胞外多糖对Pb2+和Cu2+的最大吸附量分别为243.3 mg/g (10℃) 和36.7 mg/g (40℃).胞外多糖吸附金属离子前后的红外光谱分析表明,多聚糖中C-O-C、乙酰基和羟基是起主要吸附作用的官能团.     

典型重金属离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮体系的影响研究进展

厌氧氨氧化工艺具有无须外加碳源、产泥量少和能耗低等优势,应用前景较为广阔.但厌氧氨氧化菌对环境条件敏感,阻碍了该工艺的推广应用.重金属离子是影响厌氧氨氧化工艺的重要环境影响因子,且不同种类、价态和浓度的重金属离子造成的影响存在较大差异.选取含氮废水中的4种典型重金属离子(Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+和Fe3+),综述了...     

单一重金属污染对水稻叶片光合特性的影响

以杂交稻协优818为材料，研究了Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋ 3种重金属离子对水稻叶片光合特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）Cu^2＋在低浓度时BI起叶片叶绿素含量降低。而Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋在低浓度时。则导致叶绿素含量增加：高浓度时，3种重金属均BI起叶绿素含量降低。同时，低浓度时3种重金属离子均导致叶绿素a／b值升高：高浓度时则均引起叶绿素a／b值下降。（2）Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋对水稻叶片叶绿素的吸收光谱均无明显影响，在活体条件下并未发生卟啉环中Mg^2＋的置换。（3）Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋均引起叶片希尔反应活力降低，即重金属污染明显影响光合作用。     

重金属离子对不同非水溶性有机物含量土壤胶体上十溴联苯醚迁移行为的影响

为了研究复杂土壤环境中非水溶性有机物和重金属离子对BDE-209（十溴联苯醚）的时空迁移过程和变换规律,在旋转混匀仪[转速为（30±1.0）r/min、温度为（25.0±0.5）℃]内避光试验条件下,分析V_水:m_土为5、pH为6.8±0.1条件下,森林土壤和农田土壤中非水溶性有机物含量（分别为2.2%和4.7%）和重金属离子（Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+）含量对土壤中BDE-209环境迁移行为的影响.结果表明:重金属离子在森林土和农田土土壤胶体上的平衡时间和平衡含量分别为40、32 h和（49.4±1.2）（81.7±1.9）mg/g.重金属离子对森林土（重金属负荷为0~60 mg/g）和农田土（重金属负荷为0~80 mg/g）土壤胶体混凝沉降强弱作用均依次为Fe3+最强,其次为Cu2+、Zn2+;而当森林土重金属负荷为60~100 mg/g、农田土重金属负荷为80~100 mg/g时,森林土和农田土土壤胶体质量浓度分别稳定在（49.3±1.3）和（50.4±1.1）mg/L,致使上清液中ρ（BDE-209）由（388.5±13.2）ng/L分别降至（24.7±21.7）和（25.4±18.8）ng/L.此外,重金属离子未实现BDE-209由土壤胶体向重金属胶体的再分配过程[上清液中ρ（BDE-209）与土壤胶体质量浓度比值保持在（493.1±6.8）ng/g],仅通过改变土壤胶体环境行为来影响BDE-209迁移过程,进而导致土壤环境中BDE-209时空迁移过程与土壤胶体迁移行为一致.      

CS/PVA微球的制备及其对重金属离子吸附研究

利用聚乙烯醇和戊二醛通过化学交联对壳聚糖进行改性,制备了壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇(CS/PVA)微球,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对CS/PVA微球进行了表征,考察了pH值、吸附时间和重金属离子(Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺)溶液初始浓度对CS/PVA微粒吸附性能的影响,并进行了吸附动力学研究。结果表明:CS/PVA微球吸附溶液中重金属离子的最佳pH值为7;准二级动力学模型较好地拟合了4种重金属离子的吸附试验数据,表明其吸附过程以化学反应为主,其中金属螯合作用占主导作用;利用Langmuir等温线模型拟合得到的CS/PVA微球对溶液中Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的最大吸附容量分别为52.33 mg/g和57.81 mg/g,CS/PVA微球对溶液中Fe³⁺、Pb²⁺的吸附更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,其对Pb²⁺的吸附率最大。     

无机助催化(类)芬顿反应降解有机污染物的研究进展

芬顿技术常用于去除水中的有机污染物,通过向溶液中加入Fe2+和H₂O₂便可以产生自由基并进一步氧化有机物,但传统的芬顿技术总是伴随着诸如铁泥、较窄的pH适用范围等缺点. 近年来,以MoS₂为代表的一类无机助催化剂可以有效地促进(类)芬顿反应中Fe2+/Fe3+的循环以及反应中自由基的生成,MoS₂因其表面存在的还原态金属活性中心可以有效地还原Fe3+或Co3+等金属离子并减少元素的流失. 为了进一步明确无机助催化剂的性能和微观机制,本文综述了以MoS₂为代表的助催化剂在均相和非均相芬顿反应中对于H₂O₂及PMS的活化效果. 结果表明:无论是在均相还是非均相(类)芬顿反应中,MoS₂、CoS₂等表面存在的还原态金属活性中心均能显著促进(类)芬顿反应中金属离子的循环,并提高反应中强氧化性活性氧物种的浓度,而一些助催化剂在助催化芬顿反应的同时,甚至可以自产活性氧物种或是自主活化PMS. 但目前的研究仍存在一些不足,如无机助催化剂极有可能会给反应体系带来重金属离子的二次污染,一般的非均相催化剂及助催化剂的使用时限较短,并不能满足实际工业化的应用. 因此在未来的研究中,提高催化剂和助催化剂的反应稳定性和进一步提高反应活性应作为研究的重点. 其中,将纳米技术与催化剂和助催化剂的制备相结合,或进一步改善助催化剂的效能均可能有效推进无机催化剂及助催化剂在工业应用上的进程.      

烟曲霉胞外聚合物对Pb2+的吸附特性

采用阳离子交换树脂(CER)法提取了烟曲霉胞外聚合物（EPS）,并分析了其生物化学成分.同时,考察了烟曲霉EPS对重金属离子Pb2+的去除效果,探讨了其生物吸附机理和动力学特性.结果表明,CER法提取的烟曲霉EPS多糖含量较高,对细胞破坏程度较小.烟曲霉EPS吸附Pb2+的平衡时间约为3h,最佳吸附pH为6.5,吸附平衡时 Pb2+去除率为73.48%.烟曲霉EPS对Pb2+的吸附平衡均能较好地用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型来描述,而且更适用Langmuir模型,最大吸附量qm为32.22mg·g -1.烟曲霉EPS的FTIR分析结果表明,多聚糖中的羟基、羧基和C—O—C等是与Pb2+发生了作用的基团,而其中蛋白质的作用不明显.     

Fe3+或Fe2+均相催化H2O2生成羟基自由基的规律

利用电子自旋共振-自旋捕集技术(ESR)研究了不同条件下Fenton和类Fenton反应中羟基自由基的变化规律.结果表明,Fenton和类Fenton在起始反应阶段羟基自由基的生成速率都随着H₂O₂和Fe³⁺或Fe²⁺浓度的增大而增大,但Fenton反应在起始阶段羟基自由基生成速率显著高于类Fenton反应.Fenton反应pH在2.5～3.5,而类Fenton反应pH在2.8～3.0范围内有较高的自由基生成速率.起始反应完成后,反应过程中Fenton与类Fenton反应自由基的生成速率也存在显著差异.结果表明,两体系在反应起始和反应过程中都存在着机制的差异.     

端烯丙基苯并15-冠-5接枝壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附性能

将３’－端烯丙基苯并１５－冠－５和４’－端烯丙基苯并１５－冠－５接枝到壳糖或交联壳聚糖上,合成了４种新新型的壳聚糖冠醚,并研究了这４种壳聚糖冠醚对Ｐｄ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋的静态吸附性能。结果表明,这４种吸附剂对Ｐｄ＾２＋具有良好的吸附性能,并能在Ｃｕ＾２＋和Ｈｇ＾２＋共存的条件下选择吸附Ｐｄ＾２＋。     

Adsorption characteristics of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline

The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals： Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions on tourmaline were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was established. The adsorption isotherms of all the four metal ions followed well Langmuir equation. Tourmaline was found to remove heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solution with selectivity in the order of Pb（Ⅱ）〉Cu（Ⅱ）〉Cd（Ⅱ）〉Zn（Ⅱ）. The adsorption of metal ions by tourmaline increased with the initial concentration of metal ions increasing in the medium. Tourmaline could also increase pH value of metal solution.The maximum heavy metal ions adsorbed by tourmaline was found to be 78.86, 154.08, 67.25, and 66.67 mg/g for Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（U）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（U）, respectively. The temperature （25-55℃） had a small effect on the adsorption capacity of tourmaline. Competitive adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions was also studied. The adsorption capacity of tourmaline for single metal decreased in the order of Pb〉Cu〉Zn 〉Cd and inhibition dominance observed in two metal systems was Pb〉Cu, Pb〉Zn, Pb〉Cd, Cu〉Zn, Cu〉Cd, and Cd〉Zn.     

Evaluation of zeolites synthesized from fly ash as potential adsorbents for wastewater containing heavy metals

Both pure-form zeolites (zeolites A and X) were synthesized by applying a two-stage method during hydrothermal treatment of fly ash prepared initial gel. The difference of adsorption capacity of both fly ash-synthesized zeolits was assessed under the same adsorption conditions. Copper and zinc were chosen as target heavy metal ions. It was found that adsorption capacity of zeolite A showed much higher value than that of zeolite X. Thus, attention was focused on investigating the removal performance of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution on the synthetic pure-form zeolite A from fly ash, zeolite HS (hydroxyl-solidate) prepared from the residual fly ash (after synthesis of pure-form zeolite A from fly ash) and a commercial grade zeolite A. Batch method was employed to study the influential parameters such as initial pH value, adsorbents dosage and adsorption temperature on the adsorption process. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model and showed the affinity: Cu2+ > Zn2+ (adsorbent FA-ZA). The removal mechanism of metal ions followed adsorption and ion exchange processes. Attempts were also made to recover heavy metal ions and regenerate adsorbents (adsorbent FA-ZA).     

纳米Fe3O4负载的浮游球衣菌去除重金属离子的工艺研究

以纳米Fe₃O₄负载浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）制备复合生物吸附剂,对此吸附剂进行表征并考察了其吸附水中重金属离子的性能.红外光谱分析表明,此复合生物吸附剂表面的主要活性基团为酰胺基（—CONH—）和羟基（—OH）.吸附性能研究表明,菌含量和流量是影响复合生物吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要因素,在Cu²⁺初始浓度c₀<20 mg/L,菌含量1.5 g/L（菌/ Fe₃O₄＝3∶2）,流量0.96 L/h 时吸附剂对Cu²⁺的吸附效果最好;用稀盐酸对复合生物吸附剂进行再生,吸附剂可重复使用10次以上,再生液可重复使用3次; 吸附选择性为：Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺>Cd²⁺.