氯化铁絮凝法减轻膜污染

采用氯化铁絮凝法去除膜生物反应器混合液中难降解的大分子有机物，确定Fe^3 的最佳投加量为60mg／L，该工艺可显著降低混合液中CODCr，减轻膜污染，并且对膜生物反应器中的生物相活性没有影响。     

优势菌种硝化新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养获得高含量的硝化细菌优势菌液,用于硝化反应器的强化挂膜启动、驯化。采用优势菌种生物硝化新工艺研究了含高质量浓度氨氮垃圾渗滤液的硝化特性,并对工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,优势菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的含量分别达到9.0×107和3.5×107MPN/mL。实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮质量浓度为284.4mg/L时,出水平均氨氮质量浓度为14.3mg/L,硝化速率高达NH4+-N28.1g/(m3.h),与传统硝化工艺相比高出近一倍。本工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的优化操作工艺条件为:pH、氨氮质量浓度及DO分别控制在7.5～8.5、300mg/L、1.1～2.6mg/L。     

膜生物反应器高度净化有机物的特性

分别采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和普通生物反应器(CSTR)对苯胺废水进行处理，结果表明MBR处理效果优于CSTR，处理水苯胺浓度接近动力学极限浓度。测定了两种反应器中微生物的最大比基质利用速率qmax分别为2．084d^-1和1．650d^-1，亲和常数Ks值分别为0．237mg／L和0．309mg／L。间歇试验证明MBR能富集培养基质亲和性高的专一性微生物。这类微生物降解速率不随基质浓度而变化，且能更彻底地降解有机物，适用于微量有机物的高度净化。     

生物膜法A/O/O工艺城市污水脱氮处理的挂膜启动

生物膜法A/O/O脱氮系统处理城市污水中试挂膜启动研究结果表明:挂膜启动的关键在于进行硝化处理的二级生物接触氧化池能否培养出以硝化菌为优势菌种的成熟生物膜。试验中水温、气水比和进水氨氮负荷是影响挂膜启动的主要因素。为加速挂膜启动,水温不宜低于15℃;挂膜初期在保证供氧充足的情况下最好采用较小的气水比,而后气水比可逐渐随DO的实际需求作相应的调整,同时保持出水DO不低于4mg/L,5.5～6mg/L时效果较好;启动期内氨氮负荷宜低于0.6kg/(m3·d)。     

森林公园污水回用改造工程设计的案例分析

昆明市某森林公园污水回用工程处理规模1000t／d,于2007建成使用,水源为市政管网截污,使用一段时间后出水各项指标均超过回用水质标准33％～170％,针对出现问题采用MBR工艺进行了改造。改造后系统运行稳定,出水COD≤50mg／L、BOD≤6mg,／L、SS≤10mg／L、NH4-N≤5mg／L、TP≤0．5mg／L、TN≤15mg／L,均优于《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》标准中观赏性景观环境用水水景类水质标准,同时运行费用较原工艺降低18％,为0．847元/m^3,实现了工程改造的预期目标。     

异养硝化细菌处理氨氮废水及影响因素研究

从生物陶粒反应器中筛选出6株异养硝化细菌,将异养硝化细菌扩大培养后,建立SBR反应器并进行了氨氮去除的试验研究。在SBR反应器进入稳定运行阶段时,可以观察到系统对于氨氮的去除率稳定在82．96％左右,表现出较好的氨氮去除效果;出水亚硝酸盐含量一直维持在较低的水平,其最大值不超过3．84mg·L-1;COD的平均去除率为54．72％,基本实现了同一反应器中的有机物和氨氮的共同去除。异养硝化SBR反应器温度为29℃时,反应器对氨氮和总氮的去除能力最大为82．28％和47．27％;在pH值为8．0时,氨氮去除率最高达到80．15％。C／N〈4．5时,随着C／N比的增加,氨氮和总氮的去除率快速增加;在C/N为6时,氨氮去除率最高达到87．62％。     

膜生物反应器处理回用生活污水的实验研究

针对当前社会对污染物减排和中水回用的需求,采用一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)对生活污水进行处理,研究了处理效果和工艺条件.结果表明:SMBR是生活污水处理回用的简单高效的工艺方法,SMBR膜出水COD<20 mg·L-1,BOD5<1 mg·L-1,NH4 -N<1 mg·L-1,出水无悬浮物,可以达到城市杂用水回用标准.同时,SMBR对总氮、总磷具有一定的去除效果,污泥沉降性能良好,污泥指数稳定在78~115,污泥龄可达40-60 d,保证了系统内污泥质量浓度;通过控制合适的气水比25∶1~60∶1、采用间歇出水方式等工艺操作条件可以保持良好的污泥特性并可延缓膜污染,延长膜的使用寿命,提高SMBR对污水处理的效率.     

改进型膜生物反应器处理洗浴污水的试验研究

在大量试验研究的基础上提出了一种改进型膜生物反应器 (MBR) ,并对其处理洗浴污水的效果进行了试验 ,结果表明 :利用改进型MBR处理洗浴污水出水水质良好 ,COD <40mg/L ,LAS <0 .2mg/L ,符合国家建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用水质标准。     

SMBR不同特性膜处理城市内河道水对比试验研究

用一体浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)不同特性膜处理上海市城市内河道水,结果表明,SMBR对氨氮含量较高的富营养化河水,氨氮的去除率在90%以上,但对COD的平均去除率仅为50%.比较两种膜的运行性能,亲水性膜在运行通量和通量恢复能力上,均比疏水性膜优越.两种膜的出水水质几乎没有差异.     

上流式厌氧污泥床滤层反应器处理鸡粪混合液离心出水

本研究采用上流式厌氧污泥床滤层反应器对蛋鸡场鸡粪混合液离心出水进行处理,试验结果:在中温25℃,进水COD_(cr)18000mg/L和氨氮1600mg/L的条件下,COD_(cr)去除率74.08%,BOD_5去除率83.78%,水力停留时间26.15h,容积负荷15.60kg·COD_(cr)/m~3·d,产气率0.52m~3/去除km·COD_(cr).反应器运行状况良好.     

低温下曝气生物滤池预处理污染河水的试验研究

采用两段曝气生物滤床串联工艺预处理入滇新运粮河河水,研究了其在冬天低温条件下对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并考察了pH值的变化。结果表明,在进水流量为2.4 m3.d-1、水温为13-16℃、原水ρ（CODCr）为66.46-107.82 mg·L-1、ρ（氨氮）为22.15-30.68 mg·L-1的水质特征条件下,系统对CODCr和氨氮的去除率分别为36.08%-50.37%和76.98%-93.56%。其中,碳氧化段以去除有机物为主,硝化段以去除氨氮为主;系统中硝酸氮质量浓度明显升高,无亚硝氮的积累;装置对总氮的平均去除率为19.56%,可以认为总氮的去除是同步硝化反硝化的结果。系统中pH值有所变化但维持在7-8之间,其中碳氧化段pH值升高,硝化段pH值下降。系统对有机物和氨氮良好的去除效果为后续进一步的生物处理提供了条件。     

Environmental impact of nitrogen fertilization in tea eco-system

To quantify the nitrogen losses through runoff and leaching under a tea plantation in hilly soil, a field experiment was conducted from October 2001 to October 2002 at United Planters Association of Southern India (UPASI), Coonoorin Nilgiri district. Runoff water was collected in the collection tub on most rainy days but the leachate was collected in the soil water sampler when the rainfall exceeded 150 mm. Higher nitrogen fertilization levels significantly influenced the NO3-N concentration in both the runoff and leachate and it was likely to cause adverse environmental impact at the delivery end. The NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations in runoff decreased with the days after fertilizer application. NH4-N concentration reduced from 10.27 mg/l on the 9th day to 1.72 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. NO3-N concentration reduced from 23.5 mg/l on the 9th day to 4.32 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. Nitrogen loss varied depending on the quantity of rainfall and runoff. The NO3-N concentration in the leachate increased with increase in depth (18.06 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 20.98 mg/l at 45 cm depth) whereas NH4-N concentration decreased with increase in depth (6.32 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 5.79 mg/l at 45 cm depth.     

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen

The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.     

Impact of water quality on the stress physiology of cultured Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan)

Investigation was conducted for 12 months in two water bodies, S1 with optimum water quality and S2 receiving sewage water. The water quality parameters were assessed in relation to the impact on the stress sensitive physiological parameters of fish Labeo rohita. While optimum levels of transparency, dissolved oxygen, unionised ammonia, alkalinity and hardness in S1 reflected in minimum variation of the physiological parameters of L. rohita but suboptimal levels of DO (nil-18.0 mg/l) and CO2 (nil-16.0 mg/l) observed diurnally and unionised ammonia (0.11-0.42 mg/l) found throughout the experimental period, resulted in significant variation in plasma cortisol (90.0-377.0 ng/ml), cholesterol (89.6-285.0 mg/dl) and condition factor (0.7-1.3) in L. rohita. The results are of significance for fish aquatic habitat management.     

厌氧除磷同步脱氮及影响因素研究

采用鸡粪污泥为种泥,在厌氧混合连续流反应装置内进行厌氧还原磷产生磷化氧功能菌的富集,进行硝酸盐、硫酸盐、不同碳源和氮源条件下厌氧除磷效率的研究,并考察磷化氧的生成与硝酸、总磷、氨氮去除的关系.结果表明,(1)SO_4~(2-)-S适宜的投加量为26 mg·L~(-1),不投加NO_3~--N.水中含有氧化态的无机物在厌氧条件下与磷争夺[H]导致厌氧除磷的效率下降.(2)合适的碳源为葡萄糖1 000 mg·L~(-1),纤维素不适合作为碳源,合适的氮源为蛋白胨500 mg·L~(-1),水中含有的还原糖和有机氮源促进磷化氧的生成.(3)pH值控制在6.5～7.0的范围,最适宜的生长温度在35℃左右.(4)氨氮的去除率随着总磷的去除率而增加,在厌氧条件下可达到同时脱氮除磷的效果.磷的去除由厌氧除磷菌还原磷生成磷化氧完成,氨氮由生成氮气或生成蛋白质来去除.     

天津市地表水环境氮污染特征及来源解析

以天津市引滦河道、于桥水库、景观河道及主要地表河流的氮营养盐监测结果和工业源、城镇生活源及非点源的排放资料为依据,研究了天津市地表水氮污染水平、特征、变化规律及主要来源。结果表明,主要地表河流总氮、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮年均值分别为8.83 mg/L、6.10mg/L、0.370 mg/L和0.267 mg/L,污染较严重;景观水体氨氮年平均含量为0.204~9.91 mg/L,均值为1.52 mg/L,污染程度次之。于桥水库主要污染物为总氮,年均值为1.81mg/L,氨氮年均值为0.097 mg/L,污染相对较轻。地表水全年氨氮入河总量为34027.9 t,其中入境河流带入量为18185.1 t,占53.4%,境内源入河量为15842.8 t,占46.6%。境内污染主要来源于工业企业、城镇生活以及城市和农村非点源的排放。其中,工业点源占13.5%;城镇生活源占60%;各类非点源占26.5%。     

纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的毒性响应和敏感性分析

以纹缟虾虎鱼为受试生物,分别进行了Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮为环境因子的急性毒性实验和氨氮慢性暴露实验,结合文献数据分析纹缟虾虎鱼对3种污染物的敏感性。结果表明,Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对纹缟虾虎鱼的EC50分别为4.527、40.408和63.182mg·L~(-1)。组织切片结果显示,氨氮暴露能够引起纹缟虾虎鱼肝组织结构退化,组织细胞畸变,其损伤程度随着氨氮浓度的升高而加剧。氨氮暴露对肠管未见明显影响。敏感性分析结果表明,纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的累积概率分别为83.33%、96.27%和90.48%,均表现为不敏感。在Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对海洋生物的敏感性排名中,纹缟虾虎鱼分别在第31/35、32/32和19/20位。在8~12种海洋鱼类中,纹缟虾虎鱼对上述3种污染物的敏感性都处在较低水平。     

Variations in physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water during breeding of Cyprinus carpio in a closed hatchery system

Physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of culture water were examined during the induced breeding of Cyprinus carpio in a controlled environmental system. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, pH, ammonia nitrogen, total bacterial count, hardness, salinity, carbonate and bicarbonate were estimated before and after spawning and hatching. Average alteration in water pH before and after spawning was 7.91-7.57 and 7.86-7.58 respectively. Total hardness, carbonate and bicarbonate showed insignificant variations. Nitrate, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate contents significantly increased after spawning and hatching p < 0.05. The average increase in nitrate was from 2.94 to 8.62 microg l(-1) after spawning and 3.10 to 8.49 microgl(-1) after hatching. Ammonia nitrogen contents were sharply increased from an average of 0.011 to 1.87 mg l(-1) after spawning and 0.013 to 0.56 mg l(-1) after hatching. The average phosphates increased from 2.59 to 4.15 microg l(-1) after spawning and 2.61 to 4.03 microg l(-1) after hatching. Dissolved oxygen was sharply depleted even after a continuous aeration. Temperature played a vital role during breeding. No successful breeding was observed at a temperature of 17 degrees C or below and 31 degrees C or above. There is a significant association between temperature, spawning and hatching (p < 0.05). By optimizing temperature, the breeding success of this carp was achieved with a statistical significance of p < 0.05. Total bacterial count was significantly increased after spawning and hatching. It was related to the amount of discharge and may cause mass mortality of fish embryo and spawn in a closed hatchery system.     

饮用原水中微量NH_3-N的生物膜脱除

针对NH3-N浓度为1mg.l-1的饮用原水,分别以硅锰砂石和聚胺脂海绵作为硝化生物膜载体,考察了自制固定床生物膜反应器的脱氨效果.30d的连续运行结果表明,砂石载体系统达到95%—100%的NH3-N去除率,出水NH3-N浓度接近0,出水NO2--N浓度在0—0.02mg.l-1之间;而海绵载体系统虽然挂膜快,但运行阶段NH3-N去除率仅为10%—35%,出水NH3-N不能达标,且具有生物可降解性,反硝化过程优先导致NO2--N的积累.进一步考察了硅锰砂石生物膜系统稳定运行的最优参数,得出试验条件下,水力停留时间为6min,气水比为1:1,反冲洗周期为6d.硅锰砂石因其良好的孔隙率、粒径分布和密度等物理特性,以及化学稳定性和生物安全性,是含低浓度NH3-N原水生物膜净化的良好载体选择.     

Ammonia and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff using cash crop waste-derived biochars

• Orange tree residuals biochar had a better ability to adsorb ammonia. • Modified tea tree residuals biochar had a stronger ability to remove phosphorus. • Partially-modified biochar could remove ammonia and phosphorus at the same time. • The real runoff experiment showed an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of about 80%. • The removal rate of total phosphorus in real runoff experiment was about 95%. Adsorption of biochars (BC) produced from cash crop residuals is an economical and practical technology for removing nutrients from agricultural runoff. In this study, BC made of orange tree trunks and tea tree twigs from the Laoguanhe Basin were produced and modified by aluminum chloride (Al-modified) and ferric sulfate solutions (Fe-modified) under various pyrolysis temperatures (200°C–600°C) and residence times (2–5 h). All produced and modified BC were further analyzed for their abilities to adsorb ammonia and phosphorus with initial concentrations of 10–40 mg/L and 4–12 mg/L, respectively. Fe-modified Tea Tree BC 2h/400°C showed the highest phosphorus adsorption capacity of 0.56 mg/g. Al-modified Orange Tree BC 3h/500°C showed the best performance for ammonia removal with an adsorption capacity of 1.72 mg/g. FTIR characterization showed that P = O bonds were formed after the adsorption of phosphorus by modified BC, N-H bonds were formed after ammonia adsorption. XPS analysis revealed that the key process of ammonia adsorption was the ion exchange between K⁺ and NH₄⁺. Phosphorus adsorption was related to oxidation and interaction between PO₄^3– and Fe³⁺. According to XRD results, ammonia was found in the form of potassium amide, while phosphorus was found in the form of iron hydrogen phosphates. The sorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich equation fits better for phosphorus adsorption, while the Langmuir equation fits better for ammonia adsorption. The simulated runoff infiltration experiment showed that 97.3% of ammonia was removed by Al-modified Orange tree BC 3h/500°C, and 92.9% of phosphorus was removed by Fe-modified Tea tree BC 2h/400°C.