机室真空度对高速土工离心机风阻和环境温度影响的数值研究

目的 揭示机室真空度对高速离心机风阻和环境温度的影响机制和规律。方法 基于多参考坐标系计算方法,开展离心机环形机室的三维流动传热数值模拟。结果 在本文的研究范围内,随着机室真空度的下降,离心机风阻功率单调降低,相对于常压环境,当机室真空度降低为5、30 kPa时,风阻功率分别降低超过90%和60%。机室真空度的降低,一方面引起黏性耗散产热的减弱,另一方面也弱化了机室表面对流换热和机室空气的传热能力,体现出复杂的环境温度影响机制。相对于常压环境,机室真空度为5、30 kPa时,离心机室环境最高温度分别降低约24.7、9.4 K。结论 在本文的研究参数范围内,降低机室真空度可以有效降低环境温度,且在真空度降低至10 kPa以下时,降温幅度更为明显。     

真空管道列车悬浮电磁铁散热性能研究

目的 研究真空管道交通中磁浮列车悬浮电磁铁温度随管道内真空度及环境温度的变化规律。方法 建立三维电磁铁模型,利用Fluent软件研究真空度(0～80 kPa)、环境温度(283～323 K)对电磁铁温升性能的影响,并对Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε 2种湍流计算模型进行对比。结果 电磁铁表面温度随真空度的增大而升高,当真空度超过60 kPa时,电磁铁表面温度快速升高。随着环境温度的增加,电磁铁表面温度呈近似线性关系增大。Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε 2种湍流模型的仿真结果基本相同。结论 真空度和环境温度对悬浮电磁铁散热性能均有很大影响,在设计真空管道列车时,需考虑电磁铁散热能力,并采取相应措施。     

低真空度下土工离心机产热机理试验研究

目的为1000 g以上的大型高速土工离心机提供散热方案,保证土工离心机的正常工作。方法通过试验研究和理论分析相结合的方法,研究低真空度下高速转子的产热机理,分析散热模式。结果绝对压力越高,离心室内的升温速度越快。不同真空度下(绝对压力10000、5000、3000、2000、1000 Pa),离心机驱动电机的输入功耗分别为2.17、3.79、5.17、7.66、11.56 kW。超重力高速土工离心机的产热主要由空气与高速转子的摩擦引起的第一热源,由高速旋转空气与离心舱壁面摩擦产生的第二热源,还有其他机构摩擦、空气与底部顶部摩擦产生的少量热源。结论第一热源产生的壁面热量可以通过设置冷却夹套快速带走,离心舱中心产生的第二热源的热量可以通过通入适量的冷风加以冷却,还可以通过注入冷却剂快速蒸发,利用汽化潜热进行快速冷却。     

温度对一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器运行效能及微生物群落结构的影响

本研究采用一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor,IAFMBR）处理含苯并噻唑的高浓度合成废水,考察了温度变化（35、25和15℃）对反应器运行效能,膜污染情况和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,温度下降对反应器运行效能和膜污染情况产生不利影响.当温度从35℃下降到15℃时,COD去除率下降7.4%,苯并噻唑去除率下降49.2%,挥发酸总量上升225.66 mg·L^-1,甲烷产率（以CH₄/COD_removed计）下降0.118m³·kg^-1.膜污染周期从5.2 d下降到2.5 d.对于滤饼层而言,达到膜污染时,SMP（soluble microbial product）的质量浓度从42.47 mg·L^-1上升到70.62 mg·L^-1,EPS（extracellular polymeric substance）的含量（以VSS计）从46.30 mg·g^-1上升到82.22 mg·g^-1;对于混合液而言,SMP的质量浓度从36.46 mg·L^-1上升到69.35 mg·L^-1,EPS的含量从47.47 mg·g^-1上升到81.63 mg·g^-1.蛋白质是EPS和SMP的主要成分,约占总成分的80%.微生物群落结构表明,Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）和Chloroflexi（绿弯菌门）始终是最优势的菌门,占全部菌门相对丰度的42.6%~61.0%.随着温度的下降,优势菌属分别是Clostridium（13.7%）,Levilinea（15.2%）和Lactococus（17.9%）.产甲烷古菌的优势菌属始终是Methanosaeta.     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物中的解吸动力学

采用批量实验,研究了沉积物有机质特性、溶质负载量和温度对1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上解吸动力学的影响.用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述了1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸过程.结果表明,在本研究中的每个解吸体系,1,2,4,5-四氯苯慢解吸速率常数k_s要比快解吸速率常数k_r低2个数量级以上,说明慢解吸是整个解吸过程中的速控步骤;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在不同沉积物上的k_s范围为1.19×10^-3～2.88×10^-3 h^-1,解吸过程显著受沉积物NOM特性的影响,沉积物NOM的聚合度越高,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的解吸速度和程度越低;随着在沉积物中的初始负载量由13.3 μg·g^-1增加至25.3 μg·g^-1,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的k_s由1.26×10^-3 h^-1增加至2.52×10^-3 h^-1;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸速度随着温度的升高而显著加快,慢解吸活化能E_a在9.45～21.43 　kJ·mol^-1之间,这为沉积物中污染物生物降解的可行性提供了科学依据.     

民用飞机实验室APU开车高温尾气排放影响因素分析

目的 对民用飞机APU在气候实验室内开展极端气候环境下的起动和工作试验,建立一种APU高温尾气安全排放方法。方法 用CFD仿真手段对采用排气管道将APU高温尾气排出气候实验室的可行性及影响因素(包括管道直径、距离、背压等)进行系统性分析研究。结果 气管道入口距离APU管道出口过近时,将有利于APU排气,引射比ε与排气管道出口压力Pex及排气管道直径D线性相关,排放温度tex与管道直径D成反比。在排气管道入口设置平滑收敛段,利于消除涡流,减轻负压程度,并在一定范围内提高引射比。结论 采用管道被动排气是可行的,合适的排气管道设计为D/d=2.0,L/d=1.5,并在管道入口设置平滑收敛段。     

响应曲面法优化KOH改性污泥生物炭的制备及其强化去除Pb（Ⅱ）的研究

采用响应曲面法优化了KOH改性污泥生物炭（SB-KOH）的制备条件,研究了各因素之间对生物炭吸附性能的交互影响,并且探讨了KOH强化生物炭吸附能力的机制.同时,研究了吸附时间、吸附温度及pH对SB-KOH吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的影响,探讨其吸附机理.结果表明：KOH浸渍浓度是最显著因素,较高浸渍浓度有利于提高SB-KOH的吸附性能;增加KOH浸渍浓度和升高热解温度可以协同提高SB-KOH的吸附性能;最佳制备条件为2.5 mol·L^-1的KOH浸渍浓度、7 h的浸渍时间、631 ℃的热解温度和44 min的热解时间.KOH改性后的污泥生物炭表面粗糙, 比表面积增大,微孔数量增加,SB-KOH的比表面积为141.22 m²·g^-1,是原污泥生物炭（SB,5.93 m²·g^-1）的24倍,改性后的生物炭碱性提高、K元素含量增加.SB-KOH吸附Pb（Ⅱ）是以化学吸附为主的多分子层混合吸附,膜扩散是主要的速率控制步骤,增加溶液pH、提高温度可促进吸附.吸附机制涉及矿物沉淀（Q_mp）、离子交换（Q_ie）、含氧官能团的络合（Q_oc）和金属π键结合（Q_mπ）,不同吸附机理的贡献顺序为：Q_mp（143.5 mg·g^-1）>Q_ie（39.67 mg·g^-1）>Q_oc（8.56 mg·g^-1）>Q_mπ （1.65 mg·g^-1）,KOH改性强化了生物炭对Pb（Ⅱ）的矿物沉淀和离子交换吸附量.本研究丰富了KOH改性污泥生物炭的制备理论,阐明了SB-KOH吸附Pb（Ⅱ）吸附机理及其影响的主要机制.     

自生动态膜-生物反应器结构优化的研究

针对自生动态膜-生物反应器内部结构进行了动力学运行的理论分析,通过能量平衡机理对自生动态膜-生物反应器体系进行了讨论,基于体系总能耗最小的原理推导出液相循环流动方程.建立的混合液流速与清水流速之间的关系模型可以很好地反映混合液流速与清水流速之间的关系.通过建立的清水流速测定方法得出反应器结构与清水膜面错流流速之间的关系：调整降流区横截面积(A_d)与底部通道截面积(A_b)的比值为0.7以及升流区横截面积(A_r)与顶部通道截面积(A_u)的比值为0.9,调整降流区横截面积与升流区横截面积的比值在1.2～1.5范围内以及增加反应器的有效高度H_D都可以在不改变曝气强度的条件下增加膜面错流速度,此结果与推导出的循环流动方程可以很好地吻合.     

磷对常见淡水微囊藻释放β-环柠檬醛（β-cyclocitral）的影响

藻类释放的异味化合物导致水体嗅味问题已成为世界性的水环境问题之一,引起了社会的广泛关注.通过室内实验,研究了磷（P）对8种常见微囊藻（Microcystis）释放异味物质—β-环柠檬醛（β-cyclocitral）的影响.结果表明,P对微囊藻生长及释放β-cyclocitral有较大影响,其中,中低P浓度（0~0.5 mg·L^-1）有利于多数种类的微囊藻生长,但对藻类活性（F_v/F_m）的影响与叶绿素a（Chl-a）并不一致.铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）释放β-cyclocitral的能力与P浓度成正比,也是常见微囊藻中β-cyclocitral产率（β-cyclocitral/Chl-a）最高的藻类,可达34.2 ng·μg^-1, 其次为华美微囊藻（Microcystis elabens）达24.1 ng·μg^-1,惠氏微囊藻（Microcystis wesenbergii）的β-cyclocitral产率最低,仅为0.21 ng·μg^-1.数据分析表明不同种微囊藻,在不同P浓度下释放β-cyclocitral的巨大差异与其产率紧密相关,β-cyclocitral产率与藻类活性（F_v/F_m）紧密相关.结合文献报道的野外调查数据分析,同样表明在富营养化湖泊中随着P浓度的升高,铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）释放β-cyclocitral增加,与室内实验结果一致.本研究通过室内实验,揭示了P对不同微囊藻生长和活性影响的差异,是造成不同微囊藻释放β-cyclocitral差异的重要原因, 得出P是调节微囊藻释放β-cyclocitral的重要因素,这对富营养化水体中异味物质的防治有重要意义.     

甲氰菊酯降解菌Sphingomonas sp.JQL4-5对污染土壤的生物修复

JQL4-5(Sphingomonas sp.)是1株从长期受农药污染土壤中分离的甲氰菊酯降解菌,考察了其在实验室模拟条件下对甲氰菊酯污染土壤的生物修复能力及其影响因素.结果表明,降解菌株在灭菌土壤中的降解效果要略好于未灭菌土壤,在土壤外源添加降解菌10⁶ CFU·g^-1,温度20～40 ℃, pH为6.5～7.5的条件下,该菌株能有效降解土壤中10～200 mg·kg^-1的甲氰菊酯.可以将其应用于甲氰菊酯污染土壤的生物修复.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.