江苏省城市交通碳排放的时空演变特征与驱动因素分析

基于江苏省各城市2001—2021年的面板数据,结合IPCC碳排放测算方案运用“自下而上”方法完整测度了江苏省城市交通运输部门碳排放量,运用两级LMDI加法分解模型分析了8个因素对碳排放的影响机制和影响异质性。结果表明：关于时序变化趋势,江苏省交通碳排放经历了3个阶段,2001—2005年为高速增长阶段,2006—2013年为中速增长阶段,2014年至今为低速增长阶段,增长率持续稳定在10%以下;关于空间变化趋势,江苏省交通碳排放量呈现“南高北低”的分布特点,苏州碳排放量约占江苏全省的1/3;关于驱动因素,江苏省交通碳排放的促增因素为能源效率、经济水平、公共交通饱和度、绿色植被覆盖率、人口规模,促降因素主要为产业结构、公共交通参与度、土地利用结构,其中经济水平是首要的促增因素,公共交通参与度是主要的促降因素。     

中国自然保护区社区居民分布现状及其影响

自然保护区的建立为生物多样性就地保护提供了最基本的保障。随着我国保护力度的加强,社区发展与资源保护的矛盾日益凸显,如何协调好保护与发展的矛盾已成为自然保护区管理的核心工作之一。基于自然保护区基础调查项目,并结合历年研究资料,综合分析了我国自然保护区内社区居民分布状况及其对自然保护区的影响。结果表明,截至2014年底,全国1 657个已界定范围边界的自然保护区内共分布有居民1 256万人,平均人口密度约为0.1人·hm-2;社区居民对自然保护区的影响主要涉及土地资源、野生动植物及环境质量等。该研究系统地厘清了我国自然保护区社区居民的分布状况及其对自然保护区的影响方式,这对于制定相关保护管理政策以及促进自然保护区与社区经济的协调发展具有十分重要的意义。     

农村水污染治理驱动因素的利益相关者识别

引入利益相关者理论对我国农村水污染治理减低污染风险的驱动因素进行了识别。通过对农村水污染系统内的利益相关者进行界定,划分了政府、农村社区居民和社会力量3个利益群体,并通过Binary Logistic回归模型对3个利益群体的驱动力进行量化分析,经实证模型检验表明,反映政府作用的考核机制（含财政投入与监管能力）、反映社会力量的社会资金投入以及反映农村社区作用的自主管理能力和居民环保投入所占比重的发生比（OR值）分别为2.248、1.725、1.525和1.236,表明政府主导对减轻农村水污染起关键作用,社会力量和农民社区自身多方发挥作用对降低农村水污染风险的影响也是显著的。     

农村水污染治理驱动因素的利益相关者识别

引入利益相关者理论对我国农村水污染治理减低污染风险的驱动因素进行了识别。通过对农村水污染系统内的利益相关者进行界定,划分了政府、农村社区居民和社会力量3个利益群体,并通过Binary Logistic回归模型对3个利益群体的驱动力进行量化分析,经实证模型检验表明,反映政府作用的考核机制(含财政投入与监管能力)、反映社会力量的社会资金投入以及反映农村社区作用的自主管理能力和居民环保投入所占比重的发生比(OR值)分别为2.248、1.725、1.525和1.236,表明政府主导对减轻农村水污染起关键作用,社会力量和农民社区自身多方发挥作用对降低农村水污染风险的影响也是显著的。     

中国私家车碳排放空间格局及其影响因素的ESDA-GWR分析

利用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)和地理加权回归模型(GWR),对2012年全国312个地级及以上城市私家车碳排放的空间分异格局、总体趋势、空间异质性和驱动因素进行研究。结果表明,中国地级城市私家车碳排放空间分异显著,碳排放总量呈现中部东部西部、中部北方南方的变化趋势,人均碳排放量表现为东高西低、北高南低的态势,地均碳排放量则呈现南高北低、东高西低的态势。人均储蓄存款余额对私家车人均碳排放的影响最大,其次是人均GDP和城镇居民可支配收入,且影响因素具有明显的经度或纬度地带性规律。     

城镇化对区域碳排放效应的研究综述

在碳排放的影响因素中,城镇化可能是最根本、潜在影响最大的因素。文章在系统梳理了国内外相关文献基础上,对城镇化作用于碳排放的效应及其空间尺度差异、基于空间关联效应的城镇化对碳排放的影响等问题等进行了归纳与总结,发现:城镇化对碳排放的作用效应主要包括3个方面,即城镇化对碳排放的总效应、城镇化对碳排放的直接效应和城镇化通过中介变量对碳排放产生的间接效应。但现有文献的研究内容主要集中在城镇化对碳排放的总效应以及城镇化对碳排放的直接效应,对城镇化对碳排放产生的间接影响的研究重视不够;现有研究将研究单元视为相互独立且均质的个体空间,普遍忽略了地区间的空间效应问题。另外,现有研究结果具有尺度依赖性,且中国现行的行政管理体系是分层嵌套结构,但现有研究普遍忽略了空间尺度差异、缺乏多尺度空间的对比研究,对研究区域所具有的分层嵌套结构特征重视不够,缺乏系统的建模与分析。最后提出应加强城镇化对碳排放作用的多学科交叉研究、扩展城市群与县域尺度的研究、城镇化对碳排放作用全效应的系统研究以及空间效应视角下城镇化与碳排放关系的多尺度空间对比与多尺度空间关联效应研究的建议与展望,以期为相关研究提供有益借鉴。     

地铁建设期碳排放核算研究进展

全球变暖是人们高度关注的生态环境问题之一,碳排放成为研究热点。交通运输行业会产生大量能耗,地铁作为一种安全环保的交通方式正高速建设,建筑行业又具有较大减排空间,故对地铁建设期碳排放进行核算有助于预测碳排放趋势并为碳减排提供研究基础。本研究总结了地铁建设期碳排放核算在评估方法选择、系统边界划分、清单分析等方面的研究进展,学者们多基于全生命周期理论,使用排放因子法,将碳排放来源划分为建材生产、材料运输和现场施工3个阶段开展碳排放研究。本研究就现有清单分析内容进行了对比分析,发现建材生产阶段碳排放占比最大,且钢筋、混凝土、水泥是主要的高碳排建材,依此提出了地铁建设碳排放核算的基本研究方法及减排思路。     

灰色关联分析在中国农村家庭碳排放影响因素分析中的应用

农村家庭碳排放影响因素分析的研究对于合理发展农村经济,有效制定农村减排政策具有重要的指导意义.根据IPCC参考方法、生活碳排放研究方法和投入产出基本方法,计算了1995—2010年中国大陆31省区农村人均家庭碳排放量.通过因子分析方法,剔除农村人均家庭碳排放量不显著相关的影响因素,利用灰色关联分析方法对影响农村人均家庭碳排放量的显著相关影响因素进行评价,得出不同驱动因子对碳排放的关联度.结果表明,(1)从时间上看,1995至2010年,农村家庭碳排放呈现出逐渐上升趋势,1995年农村的人均家庭排放量为C 0.170 t?人-1,增加到2010年的0.504 t?人-1,同比增长196.90%.(2)从空间看,东部地区的农村家庭碳排放远远高于中部、东北和西部地区的农村家庭碳排放.(3)从地区差异看,位于东部地区的上海市农村人均家庭碳排放远远高于位于西部地区的内蒙古,1995年上海市农村人均家庭碳排放为C 0.454 t?人-1,而内蒙古为0.145 t?人-1;2010年上海市农村人均家庭碳排放为C 1.351 t?人-1,而内蒙古为0.498 t?人-1.(4)利用灰色关联分析,经济水平指标中的农林牧渔总产值与农村人均家庭碳排放的关联度为最大,为0.9824,因此对农村家庭碳排放的影响最大,而人口指标中的农村人口比例与农村人均家庭碳排放的关联度最小,为0.5702,因此对农村家庭碳排放的影响最小.     

生态认知、关系网络对村民生活垃圾合作治理行为的影响：基于福建省501份村民问卷数据的实证分析

厘清村民参与生活垃圾合作治理的行为逻辑,对于提升农村生态环境整治水平具有重要的理论和实践意义。基于福建省501份村民问卷调查数据,利用结构方程模型分析生态认知、关系网络对村民生活垃圾合作治理行为的作用机制,并以人口统计变量和村庄特征为调节变量进行多群组分析,检验相似模型在不同群组间的差异。结果表明,行为态度、主观规范等生态认知与关系网络对村民生活垃圾合作治理行为具有显著正向影响,关系网络对行为态度和主观规范具有显著正向影响。对村民生活垃圾合作治理行为影响效应最大的因子是关系网络,其次是行为态度,影响最小的是主观规范。多群组分析结果显示,来自较小规模村庄的受教育程度高、高收入、男性村民群体的合作治理行为动力来源于其生态认知和关系网络的共同作用,而受教育程度低、低收入、年老群体的生态认知依赖于关系网络,但生态认知未能较好地转化为实际的合作治理行为。     

上海市道路环境PM1、PM2.5和PM10污染水平

道路环境是城市中颗粒物污染的典型微环境,同时又是人群受大气颗粒物污染暴露的典型微环境.日复一日的通勤出行使居民不可避免地要受到道路环境中颗粒物污染的影响.我国道路环境的颗粒物浓度水平与欧美等发达国家相比要高得多,尤其在交通干线附近的颗粒物水平更为惊人.因此道路环境的颗粒物污染对人群暴露的影响较大.     

Study of county-level low-carbon standards in China based on carbon emissions per capita

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon development is an essential measure to combat climate change, and the establishment of low-carbon standards is an important means to achieve low-carbon development. Due to the differences in size and development level among counties of China, the applicability and fairness of county-level low-carbon standards are very important in this country. This study analyzed the trends of county-level carbon emissions in China, defined the peak value of carbon emissions per capita, summarized the characteristics of existing low-carbon standards, and proposed a fair county-level low-carbon standard based on carbon emissions per capita. The results of our analysis suggest that, under the constraints of carbon emissions reduction policies, China’s carbon emissions per capita will tend towards a stable range. Additionally, by referring to predictions results of the peak value of China’s carbon emissions per capita, it was determined that, in low-carbon development targets, China’s county-level carbon emissions per capita should be set within the range of 2–4 tons. Besides setting low-carbon standards, the Chinese government and private enterprises should develop low-carbon technologies as soon as possible and innovate management models to achieve the win–win situation of simultaneous economic growth and carbon emissions reduction.     

低碳经济与农业发展思考

大气中碳浓度的升高是导致全球气候变化的主要原因.以低能耗、低排放、低污染为特征的低碳经济是目前人类应对全球气候变化,减缓温室气体排放的根本出路.农业生产与全球气候变化息息相关,农业是温室气体的第二大重要来源,如何减少农业温室气体排放量并探寻减排方法已经成为当务之急.从低碳经济这一热点问题谈起,论述了农业生产与全球气候变化的关系,以及当前农业面临的问题和挑战,提出了发展低碳农业的对策以及具体措施,旨在为呼应低碳经济,应对全球气候变化提供科学决策,促进现代农业由高碳经济向低碳经济转型,实现农业的可持续发展.     

Raising awareness of transport issues: The potential to bring about behavioural change?

Changes in the directions of transport policy in the UK in the last few years have led to a wider consideration of possible measures to bring about behavioural change, in particular measures which have the potential to reduce car dependence. Among the measures currently being implemented by local authorities are public awareness or travel awareness campaigns. This paper examines the findings of a research project which evaluated a travel awareness scheme in the context of an integrated transport policy. The research project monitored the attitudes, beliefs and intentions of a sample of the residents who had been targeted by the Maidstone Initiative for Sustainable Transport (MIST) implemented by Kent County Council and Maidstone Borough Council. The research project found some remarkably consistent attitudes about car and bus travel over a period of three years, It also found that whilst people seem to be aware of the impact of travel on the environment they do not consider the environmental impact with the same degree of importance as other attributes of travel. A further finding was a hidden desire to switch modes from the car. The paper will conclude by looking critically at the future for travel awareness campaigns.     

依靠科技进步 发展低碳农业

在全球携手应对气候变暖、减少温室气体排放的背景下,发展低碳经济是解决气候变化与经济发展矛盾的有效途径。通过描述气候变化、固碳减排对粮食安全、土壤碳汇、森林固碳、资源循环利用等影响和促进作用,深入分析发展低碳经济与可持续发展的关系,探讨如何在农业领域内开发高效循环生产体系,从而实现农业生产过程的固碳减排目的。由此,提出发展低碳农业是实现低碳经济的目标之一,它是一个复合技术体系,涉及了绿色农业、循环农业、生态文明、可持续发展理念。必须通过科学技术的突破,改造、提升低碳农业技术,改变农业现有的＂高能耗、高污染＂的生产状况,实现低碳生产、生活方式的转变。最后提出发展现代的低碳农业产业经济的对策和思考。     

Evaluating eco-sustainability and its spatial variability in tourism areas: a case study in Lijiang County,China

Studying eco-sustainability of tourism areas is part of sustainable development research. In tourism areas, the ecosystem comprises both the environment and the human system. The environmental system is basically physical, whereas the human system, consisting of both tourists and residents, is the dominant factor driving ecosystem change. If the combined influence of tourists and residents exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment, which is the ecological threshold of eco-sustainability in the tourism area, then the structure, function and stability of the environment will degenerate. Hence, eco-sustainability assessment of tourism areas should be based on analyses of the relationship between the influence of tourists and residents on the environment and the environmental carrying capacity. Using ecological footprint and tourism ecological footprint models, we developed and applied a synthetic assessment index system for eco-sustainability of tourism areas in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province, China, to conduct a quantitative spatial assessment for 2001. The eco-sustainability of Lijiang was high, with a harmonious relationship between regional socioeconomic development and the ecological environment. There were significant spatial differences in eco-sustainability among 24 towns in the region because of spatial heterogeneity in socioeconomic status, tourism development and environmental elements.     

A decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions: evidence from Malaysia’s tourism industry

The most important question raised from issues of environmental degradation is how economic activities bring about changes that will result in pollution. In the pursuit of tourism economy, contrary to popular interest, the travel and tourism (T&T) industry may cause environmental damages through the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from energy consumption in areas such as transportation and delivery of amenities. Given this major concern, this paper attempts to investigate the linkage between tourism and CO₂ emissions in Malaysia between 1981 and 2011. In particular, this study fills the knowledge gap by taking a closer look at the impact of international tourist arrivals on CO₂ emissions by sector – electricity and heat generation and transport. Results from the bound test method suggest that there exists a long-run relationship among the variables under consideration when CO₂ emissions become the dependent variable. The original result is similarly robust to alternatives, which are CO₂ emissions from sectors of electricity and heat generation and transport. Furthermore, the vector error correction model causality analysis indicates a causal relationship between tourism and CO₂ emissions by transport and electricity and heat generation. Subsequently, several tourism-related policies are drawn from these findings.     

Transition to a low-carbon city: lessons learned from Suzhou in China

Climate change has become one of the most serious challenges facing humanity; developing a low-carbon economy provides new opportunities for addressing this issue. Building a low-carbon city has been pursued by people with a high degree of enthusiasm in China. Different from actions at the national level and distinct from practices of developed countries, low-carbon development in Chinese cities should be placed on diverse concerns. Taking Suzhou of Jiangsu Province of China as a case city, this paper adopts a scenario analysis approach to explore strategic focal points in the transition to a low-carbon city. Within this transition, we mainly focus on the different contributions from two factors-economic restructuring and technological upgrading. Scenario analysis results show that 1) in the case of no breakthrough technologies, it is difficult to achieve absolute emission reductions; 2) technologies involved in optimizing energy structure and improving energy efficiency of basic service sectors should be highly emphasized in local planning; 3) in comparison with technological upgrading, economic structural adjustment could be a stronger contributor to mitigation, which is one of the main differences from developed countries. However, the key issue of economic restructuring is to promote the growth of emerging low-carbon industries, which requires not only a strategic choice of new industries but also an introduction of advanced low-carbon technologies. It is also found that establishing a local carbon emissions accounting system is a prerequisite and the first priority for realizing a low-carbon transition and government capacity buildings should be strengthened accordingly.     

大气CO2升高对土壤碳循环影响的研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。据估计,全球土壤（表层1m）有机碳积累总量相当于大气中碳总量的2～3倍。土壤是温室气体的源或汇,土壤碳库的变化将影响大气C02的浓度,因此,土壤碳库对人类活动的响应也是全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。在全球变化的大背景下,大气CO2升高导致植被生态系统碳平衡的改变进而对土壤碳循环产生影响。总结了陆地生态系统碳循环对大气C02浓度升高响应的主要生物学机制及过程,简述了大气C02浓度升高对影响土壤碳输入和输出的各因素的研究进展,并指出未来研究的主要方向。在大气C02浓度升高条件下,陆地生态系统碳循环的变化主要反映在以下几个方面：1）不同类型植物群落的净初级生产力（NPP）显著增加,但湿地植物的净初级生产力也有可能降低;2）光合产物向根系分配的数量增加,地上／地下生物量降低,根系形态发生变化,根系周转速率和根系分泌等过程的碳流量提高;3）植物含氮量降低,C／N提高,次生代谢产物增加,微生物生长受到抑制,植物残体分解速率降低;4）土壤呼吸速率显著增加,提高幅度受植物类型与土壤状况的影响;5）进入土壤的植物残体及分泌物的数量和性质影响土壤酶的活性,脱氢酶和转化酶活性增加,酚氧化酶和纤维素酶受植物类型与环境条件的影响;6）土壤中真菌的数量的增加幅度要高于细菌;7）CH4释放量增加,在植物的生长期表现更为明显。由于陆地生态系统碳循环的复杂性,研究结果仍有很大的不确定性。大气C02浓度升高与全球变化的其它表现间的交互作用将是今后研究的重点,同时由于土壤碳循环是一个由微生物介导的生物地球化学循环过程,因此,加强陆地生态系统碳循环的微生物机制研究也将为全面理解碳循环的过程提供更加准确的研究理论基础。     

我国低碳城市建设水平及潜能比较

面对国际发展低碳经济大趋势和世界各国低碳发展指标的强力约束,研究探讨了低碳城市建设的概念和关联性因素,包括：经济增长、产业结构、能源结构、能源效率、交通体系、消费方式、碳汇发展和制度创新等。尝试构建了低碳城市建设水平测度指标体系并比较分析了我国一些主要城市低碳发展水平和潜能,以期加快我国低碳城市建设,促使我国从传统经济发展方式向低碳经济发展方式转型。     

Emissions- und Immissionsprognosen für den Straßenverkehr in Deutschland

The use of such threshold values, which are valid today and will be valid in the future, for waste gas emissions from motor vehicles will continuously serve to further limit the amounts of emissions from the motorized traffic in Germany, even though it must be assumed that an ever increasing amount of mileage will be observed. Following the reduction in emissions which have been calculated, and the estimated improvements to be seen in this area, important goals in atmospheric quality should be achieved in the future. Especially the risk of cancer associated with motorvehicle traffic will drop appreciably below the target goals. The most important problem of the air pollution stemming from traffic emissions, however, seems to be the fine dusts. A reduction in the quantity of these substances may possibly be related to the emissions of nitric oxides and also of NMVOCs. The efficient reduction of the climatically-relevant emissions attributed to motor-vehicle traffic is a great challenge to the fields of technology, fuel supply and user behavior patterns. These factors will therefore represent an important part of the long-term environmental discussions.