2008~2011年夏季京津冀区域背景大气污染变化分析

2008～2011年夏季京津冀区域大气背景兴隆站大气污染观测结果表明,4 a夏季NOx的平均浓度分别为(9.1±5.1)、(5.9±2.6)、(12.2±4.6)、(14.1±5.0)μg·m-3,O3日小时最大浓度平均分别为(163.3±42.7)、(175.2±48.8)、(199.6±52.6)、(207.2±62.1)μg·m-3,PM2.5的平均浓度分别为(59.8±44.6)、(44.4±28.0)、(58.1±34.2)、(52.5±36.7)μg·m-3;其中,2010年污染物上升的幅度最大,NOx、O3、PM2.5平均浓度比2009年分别上升了106%、14%、31%.2010年京津冀地区机动车保有量的激增以及工业的快速发展,使得京津冀地区背景大气污染物浓度显著上升.区域大气氧化性同样显著升高,2010年Ox比2009年上升了20%,达到(155.3±40.2)μg·m-3,区域高浓度臭氧与高浓度细粒子大气复合污染正在进一步加剧.     

基于决策树的统计预报模型在臭氧浓度时空分布预测中的应用研究

近地面层臭氧是光化学污染的主要污染物之一.臭氧污染不仅严重影响着空气质量并且危害人类健康与动、植物生长.本研究以徐州市为研究区,基于环境监测站连续监测数据分别采用分类回归树(CART)、随机森林(RF)和M5模型树方法建立臭氧浓度统计预报模型,选取1、4、7、10等4个月作为季度代表进行区域臭氧浓度预测的研究.以2015整年逐小时徐州市国控大气监测站实时监测的臭氧浓度(因变量)和气象因子数据(自变量)为训练样本建立臭氧浓度统计预报模型.模型验证结果表明,总体上3种决策树模型能够较好的预测臭氧浓度动态变化特征,月尺度上预测值与观测值相关系数均值为0.68,平均绝对误差和均方根误差均值分别为21.63μg·m~(-3)和27.42μg·m~(-3).在此基础上,基于站点观测所建立臭氧统计预报模型,以WRF模型模拟的气象场作为输入,预报区域网格化臭氧预报值,并发现臭氧浓度空间分布与站点观测特征总体一致性较好.经与观测值进行对比,结果表明两者相关系数均值为0.58,平均绝对误差及均方根误差分别为29.38μg·m~(-3)和37.15μg·m~(-3),预报准确率均高于75%.同时利用周步长观测值与预测值建立的多元线性集合预报回归方程对3种决策树模型的预报值进行修正,在一定程度上提高了预报值的精度.     

秦皇岛大气污染物浓度变化特征

为了解河北沿海旅游城市秦皇岛大气污染现有水平,研究其变化趋势,于2009年9月～2010年8月对秦皇岛市大气中的典型污染物进行连续监测研究.结果表明,该市大气中NO、NO2、SO2、O3和PM10平均浓度分别为（18±18）、（45±18）、（42±46）、（44±25）和（128±77）μg·m-3,PM10污染最为严重,年均浓度超出国家二级标准（100μg·m-3）接近30%.夏季O3日平均浓度和日小时浓度最大值（O3₁h max）的平均分别为（64±21）μg·m-3和（126±42）μg·m-3,偏南海洋气团有加重O3污染现象,伴随有短期超标;采暖期大气NOx、SO2和PM10分别是非采暖期的1.5、4.9和1.5倍,PM10和SO2日均值相对国家二级标准的超标率分别为53%和11%.京津冀、环渤海工业区的气团输送和当地海港区高排放叠加可使秦皇岛NOx、SO2和PM10污染物平均浓度上升17%、27%和12%,冬季其三者大气平均浓度飙升至（100±49）、（110±84）和（215±108）μg·m-3.北方内陆干洁气团和南方海洋气团可有效清除秦皇岛市大气污染物.     

夏秋季石家庄大气污染变化特征观测研究

研究了石家庄夏秋季节大气污染状况及2008奥运前后大气污染物浓度变化特征.2007和2008年夏秋季节,使用全自动在线观测仪器对石家庄大气环境质量进行连续监测,目的是阐明奥运期间石家庄污染物减排对当地大气环境的改变,探讨石家庄地区产生的大气污染物对北京及周边地区可能的影响.结果表明,除了氮氧化物,其他污染物均有超标情况出现,其中夏秋季节O3浓度较高,小时最大浓度值平均(O3-Max)分别为(177.2±63.0)和(105.8±61.7)μg·m-3,NO和NO2在夏秋季节的浓度分别为(4.5±4.0)、(32.7±12.4)μg·m-3和(21.5±16.9)、(60.5±16.9)μg·m-3,SO2浓度分别为(72.0±27.5)和(92.0±44.4)μg·m-3,PM2.5和PM10浓度达到(102.3±47.6)、(153.3±58.3)μg·m-3和(95.8±50.0)、(147.4±67.0)μg·m-3;奥运期间各类污染物浓度显著下降,NOx、O3-Max、SO2、PM2.5和PM10浓度分别为(43.8±15.0)、(142.0±54.9)、(52.4±18.8)、(76.7±35.1)和(116.5±38.8)μg·m-3,其中SO2、PM2.5和PM10分别较2008年监测期间平均值降低34.6%、22.8%和21.0%.本研究系统分析了夏秋季节石家庄大气污染状况,为评估当地大气污染控制措施提供了科学依据.     

2008~2010年北京城区大气BTEX的浓度水平及其O3 生成潜势

苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯是典型的人为排放有机物,不仅危害人体健康还参与对流层的光化学反应,生成O3和二次有机气溶胶.为认知北京大气中BTEX的浓度水平,评估其O3生成潜势,于2007年12月～2010年11月使用被动采样和化学分析相结合的方法对BTEX和O3浓度进行了连续3 a的同步观测.结果表明,北京城区大气BTEX中甲苯的浓度高达(8.7±3.1)μg·m-3,其次为苯、乙苯和间对二甲苯,浓度分别为(7.1±3.3)、(4.2±1.4)和(3.4±1.5)μg·m-3.BTEX总浓度在春、夏、秋和冬季的平均值分别为(16.8±1.4)、(24.7±2.8)、(25.9±4.9)和(26.8±12.1)μg·m-3,冬季苯的浓度全年最高,而夏季甲苯浓度高于冬季.采用最大增量反应活性方法计算了北京城区大气BTEX夏季O3生成潜势,发现间对二甲苯的贡献最大.北京2008、2009和2010年夏季BTEX的O3生成潜势分别为65.2、60.2和75.7μg·m-3,与O3实际浓度的年际变化趋势一致(同期浓度分别为80.5、65.0和101.9μg·m-3).机动车尾气和溶剂挥发是北京城区大气BTEX的主要来源,冬季苯的浓度可能受取暖燃煤的影响,夏季溶剂挥发对BTEX影响更大,并对O3的生成有一定贡献.     

唐山夏秋季大气质量观测与分析

为了研究唐山市大气污染状况和其在奥运期间对北京及周边地区的影响,于2007年、2008年夏秋季节,使用全自动在线观测仪器对唐山市大气质量进行连续观测研究.结果表明,唐山大气细粒子PM2.5夏季平均浓度为105.1μg.m-3±46.5μg.m-3,秋季为108.1μg.m-3±61.8μg.m-3;O3小时浓度最大值夏季平均为153.9μg.m-3±50.9μg.m-3,秋季为114.6μg.m-3±56.5μg.m-3;NO2的夏、秋季节平均浓度分别为39.2μg.m-3±10.0μg.m-3与42.7μg.m-3±11.6μg.m-3;SO2夏、秋季节平均浓度分别为44.8μg.m-3±31.1μg.m-3、52.2μg.m-3±25.2μg.m-3;大气氧化性Ox(O3+NO2)夏季平均为111.9μg.m-3±27.0μg.m-3,秋季为87.2μg.m-3±27.8μg.m-3.唐山市大气细粒子污染严重,是京津冀地区细粒子的主要源之一;SO2、NO2浓度比周边地区高,但并未超过国家二级标准,NO2主要源于汽车尾气排放,长期变化小;O3浓度相对周边地区较低,但当地O3前体物(NOx)相对高排放对区域内臭氧生成的影响尚不清楚.北京奥运期间,受减排措施影响唐山大气污染物浓度均有不同程度的下降,其中SO2、PM2.5下降最为显著.奥运减排措施可以作为改善唐山大气质量的有效手段.     

沧州市大气污染特征观测研究

利用沧州2009年7月～2011年7月的NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、O3、SO2以及PM10的观测数据,分析了沧州市大气污染物的日变化、月平均变化、年变化以及季节平均变化特征.结果表明,NOx、PM10日变化为双峰型,O3为单峰.SO2日变化也呈现为双峰型,但是其变化幅度较平缓.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2有较相同的季节变化趋势.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2及PM10冬季值最大,分别为(30.0±18.9)μg·m-3、(50.5±19.8)μg·m-3、(80.5±38.7)μg·m-3、(62.1±34.7)μg·m-3、(201.6±98.5)μg·m-3.臭氧夏季浓度最高,其月均值为(88.0±22.3)μg·m-3.NO、NO2、NOx、O3、SO2及PM10年均值分别为(18.9±14.5)μg·m-3、(37.6±13.0)μg·m-3、(56.5±27.5)μg·m-3、(49.9±16.3)μg·m-3、(31.6±19.5)μg·m-3、(156.7±79.1)μg·m-3.秋冬季污染物主要为NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、SO2以及PM10,夏季污染物主要为O3.     

上海市某石化周边区域VOCs污染特征及健康风险

为了解石化周边区域大气VOCs污染特征,使用在线GC-FID监测仪于2017年10月对上海市某近石化周边居民区大气VOCs进行了为期1个月的连续观测;通过最大增量反应活性(MIR)法估算了VOCs对臭氧(O3)生成的贡献,并进行了健康风险研究.结果表明,观测期间VOCs总浓度的范围16.4~1947.8μg·m-3,平均浓度为40.7μg·m-3;烷烃、烯/炔烃和芳香烃的平均占比分别为66.2%、25.9%和7.9%.VOCs总浓度日变化特征呈现单峰型变化,峰值浓度为127.9μg·m-3(07:00).VOCs总浓度的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为249.7μg·m-3,烯、炔烃对OFP的贡献最高,达到153.4μg·m-3;丙烯、反-2-丁烯、乙烯是关键的活性组分.己烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的健康风险较小.     

邯郸市大气复合污染特征的监测研究

利用邯郸市4个大气环境监测站点的PM2.5、PM10、O3等在线连续观测数据,对2013年全年的PM2.5、PM10、O3的浓度水平、变化规律和PM2.5/PM10的变化情况进行了分析,并从地形、气象、污染物排放及冬、夏季逐时PM2.5、O3和各类气体污染物浓度之间的关系等方面进行了研究.结果表明:12013年PM2.5、PM10的年均浓度分别为139和238μg·m-3,分别是国家二级标准的4.0倍和3.4倍.PM2.5、PM10日均浓度超过标准的天数均在280 d左右,全年3/4以上天数均超标.其颗粒物污染程度甚至超过北京、天津、长三角和珠三角等超大城市或城市群,属于严重超载的红色预警地区.整个采暖期PM2.5、PM10平均浓度分别为209和322.1μg·m-3,为非采暖期平均浓度的2倍和1.6倍;同时,采暖期PM2.5/PM10平均值为63%,高出非采暖期10%,采暖期细颗粒物污染问题特征明显.22013年O3日最大8小时平均浓度的最大值为238μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.5倍,超标天数为53 d,超标率为14.5%;最大时均浓度为288μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.4倍,超标小时数为148h,占全年有效数据的1.7%;与北方城市相比,其污染程度超过北京、天津等,略低于洛阳污染水平.3邯郸市大气复合污染的形成,除了区域大气环流与特殊地形叠加影响外,还主要归因于相对较高的人为源大气污染物排放,因此,要想走出复合污染的困局,减排是硬道理,解决灰霾污染需开展颗粒物、NOx、SO2等污染物的协同控制.     

朔州市市区PM2.5中元素碳、有机碳的分布特征

采集朔州市市区4个点位采暖季和非采暖季环境空气PM2.5样品,利用Elementar Analysensysteme Gmb H vario EL cube型元素分析仪测定其中元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)和有机碳(organic carbon,OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行分析.结果表明,朔州市市区非采暖季PM2.5中OC和EC的平均浓度为(14.3±2.7)μg·m-3和(10.3±3.1)μg·m-3,采暖季OC、EC平均浓度分别为(23.3±5.9)μg·m-3和(20.0±5.7)μg·m-3;4个点位OC和EC的浓度均表现为采暖季大于非采暖季,其中在采暖季,点位SW中OC和EC浓度分别为28.5μg·m-3和28.1μg·m-3,高于其它采样点,在非采暖季,点位PS中OC和EC的浓度分别为17.7μg·m-3和14.1μg·m-3高于其它采样点;采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5中OC/EC值均小于2,但OC和EC相关性不好(在采暖季和非采暖季的相关系数分别为0.66和0.52),说明PM2.5中碳气溶胶来源复杂.控制碳组分一次排放来源,如燃煤烟尘、生物质燃烧及机动车尾气排放,同时关注二次污染是控制朔州市PM2.5的关键.朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5中二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC)浓度分别为(6.44±2.77)μg·m-3和(4.11±1.92)μg·m-3.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.