管道氢气-空气预混气体爆炸特征的试验研究

为研究管道内氢气与空气预混气体的爆炸规律,使用尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×1000 mm的方形透明管道,通过试验观测了氢气体积分数从10%到40%的爆炸火焰形状、传播速度与压力变化规律。火焰传播与压力分别由高速摄像机与压力传感器记录测量。结果表明,爆炸火焰特征及压力变化受氢气体积分数的影响很大。火焰在管道内的最大传播速度及压力峰值随氢气体积分数增大而急剧增大。最大火焰传播速度由18.3 m/s增大到304.2 m/s,传播时间由123.5ms缩短到10.5 ms。压力峰值由2.95 k Pa增大到34.06 k Pa。当氢气体积分数为25%及以上时,火焰速度持续上升,没有出现郁金香火焰,压力波先出现短时间强烈正负压振荡,后长时间微小振荡。火焰特征、传播速度、压力变化及爆炸响声均能够很好地反映氢气爆炸的强度。     

球形压力容器中甲烷-氢气-空气爆炸过程数值模拟及实验研究*

为研究受限空间内甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸特性参数分布规律,在20 L球形压力容器装置内开展甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸实验,探究掺氢比变化对当量比为1的甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸过程的影响;运用Fluent数值模拟软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,结合层流有限速率燃烧模型,探究混合气体爆炸过程中燃烧特性（爆炸温度、压力、密度等）与反应时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:爆炸过程中,添加一定氢气时爆炸压力峰值、爆炸压力上升速率峰值增大,而到达峰值时间缩短;反应初期,中心点火处密度下降,反应釜各处密度持续上升;距离点火点越远,密度变化越大,反应釜中压力分布基本相同。研究结果可为甲烷-氢气-空气混合燃料的安全使用提供相关参考。     

低压氢气-空气混合物爆炸试验研究及数值模拟

为了预防或控制密闭容器内氢气爆炸事故,运用20 L密闭球形容器试验研究不同初始低压(0.025~0.1 MPa)下氢气-空气混合物的最大爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率;并采用Fluent数值模拟软件,通过标准k-ε湍流模型和概率密度函数(PDF)燃烧模型,模拟不同初始压力下氢气-空气混合物燃烧过程,直观再现不同初始压力下火焰传播过程及流场扰动状况。研究表明:氢气体积分数一定时,氢气-空气混合物的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率与初始低压均成线性关系;初始压力从0.1MPa降低至0.025 MPa,最大爆炸压力降低75.1%~75.9%,最大压力上升速率降低77.1%~83.7%。另外,初始压力降低,火焰前沿到达器壁的时间变长。     

管道内天然气爆炸火焰及压力波传播规律实验研究

天燃气安全不仅仅局限在企业内部,而是面向全社会,关系到社会稳定和市民生命财产安全。随着天然气市场开拓和广泛利用,庞大的管网系统和多样的用气环境给安全工作提出了更高的要求。采用理论分析、实验研究相结合的方法研究了管道内天然气爆炸火焰及压力波的传播规律。应用直径为700mm,长度为93m的管道进行了三次天然气爆炸传播实验。得出爆源点最大压力值并不是整个爆炸过程的最大值;压力波最大压力值在爆源点附近先降低,然后上升到某一峰值之后再逐渐衰减;最大压力值在衰减过程中不是单调衰减,有点起伏;随着天然气浓度的增大,其爆炸平均升压速率反而减小;随着天然气浓度的增大,其爆炸平均升压速率反而在减小;爆源附近火焰传播速度较小,上升到某一峰值后逐渐衰减。     

丙烷对甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸影响机理研究

为探究丙烷对甲烷爆炸的影响，通过试验研究不同体积分数丙烷对甲烷爆炸特性的影响特征，利用CHEMKIN-PRO软件模拟丙烷影响甲烷爆炸过程中自由基变化特征。结果表明，随着丙烷体积分数的增大，丙烷对甲烷爆炸呈现出先促进后抑制的作用。当丙烷体积分数为0.2%～0.6%时，促进甲烷爆炸；当丙烷体积分数为0.8%～1.0%时，抑制甲烷爆炸。在丙烷促进甲烷爆炸阶段，丙烷通过均裂反应生成·C₂H₅和·CH₃,·CH₃增大·H、·O、·OH的生成速率，导致爆炸强度增强；在丙烷抑制甲烷爆炸阶段，随着丙烷体积分数的持续增加，O₂体积分数降低，·O生成速率降低，·H、·OH生成速率降低，导致爆炸强度减弱。     

置障条件下含氢瓦斯爆炸特性试验

为了获得置障条件下含氢瓦斯爆炸特性,通过试验研究了50 mm×50 mm×250 mm透明管道内连续障碍物条件下氢气体积分数对瓦斯爆炸火焰锋面位置、火焰传播速度、超压及最大超压上升速率的影响规律。结果表明,与氢气体积分数为0时相比,当氢气体积分数分别为1. 5%、3. 5%和6. 5%时,火焰锋面到达出口所用时间分别缩短了3. 3 ms、6. 7 ms和8. 3 ms,最大超压分别增大了10. 5%、62. 8%和109. 2%,最大超压到达时间分别缩短了18. 7%、31. 3%和41. 3%,最大超压上升速率大致呈线性增长趋势。此外,当氢气体积分数增加时,其爆炸超压主要频率对应的分量随之增大,爆炸产生超压振荡的周期性增强,其频率主要分布于200～400 Hz,这种高频超压振荡现象可能与含氢瓦斯爆炸产生较大水蒸气分压进而引起的燃烧诱导快速相变有关。     

除尘管道内木粉尘爆炸压力传播规律研究

为了探明除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力的传播规律,利用自制通风除尘管道爆炸特性测试装置进行试验。研究结果表明:整个管道中粉尘爆炸压力波的传播过程可以分为自由传播阶段、管壁反射阶段和一维传播阶段;压力波在传递过程中处于边移动边生长的状态,具有压力累积效应;除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力波幅及平均升压速率均与粒径呈负相关关系,二者随浓度变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势;利用Matlab分析了浓度、粒径对压力波的交互效应,表明二者交互作用显著。     

以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为研究矿井火区中一氧化碳(CO)、氢气(H_2)、乙烯(C_2H_4)和乙烷(C_2H_6)等其他可燃气体对甲烷(CH_4)爆炸特性的影响,利用可视球形气体爆炸系统开展了多元可燃气体爆炸压力特性试验,观察并分析了峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率及其相应时间。通过高速摄影系统拍摄了视窗范围内爆炸火焰传播图像,基于边缘检测方法确定了火焰前锋位置,继而得到最大火焰传播速度。分析了以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度CH_4-空气混合物压力特性和火焰传播行为的影响。结果表明,多元可燃气体的存在增加了低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的爆炸危险性。随混合气体体积分数增加,低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和最大火焰传播速度非线性增加;此外,到达峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率的时间显著缩短。     

基于AUTODYN、LS-DYNA的救生舱抗爆仿真试验

为了减少矿用可移动式救生舱抗瓦斯爆炸能力物理实验室的建设费用、试验成本,缩短试验周期,用AUTODYN模拟矿井瓦斯在巷道内的冲击压力波传播,用LS-DYNA模拟救生舱在冲击波超压作用下的动态响应,获得了作用时间为300 ms、救生舱迎爆面最大超压为0.6 MPa时,冲击压力波传播到救生舱各舱段相应基本单元面上的超压;将模拟所得超压作用到救生舱上,获得了在巷道内受瓦斯爆炸影响的救生舱的应力历程和变形历程。仿真结果表明,救生舱的强度、刚度和密封等满足标准要求。     

局部扰动对主坑道爆炸波发展的数值模拟与实验研究

在地下建筑物,如隧道、地下储油库、人防工程、地下物资仓库等里面,由主通道旁结分支通道是最常见的一种布置形式,是一种典型的复杂受限空间结构.一旦有可燃气体发生爆炸燃烧,爆炸压力波和火焰的传播将受众多因素的影响,其中局部扰动的影响是主要因素之一.本文通过实验和数值模拟的方法研究了油气混合物在该复杂受限空间中由弱点火引起爆炸燃烧的发展过程,湍流强度经旁接分支坑道后在主通道中的变化,以及爆炸压力波和火焰经局部扰动后的变化过程;并将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比和综合分析,得到了与地下受限空间安全相关的重要结论.湍流强度是复杂受限空间中可燃气体爆炸燃烧发展过程的主要影响因素之一,局部扰动将增强爆炸流场的湍流强度,加速燃烧化学反应,能量的释放量和速率大大提高.这些能量的快速加入促进了高峰值压力波的形成,火焰也被加速,爆炸从此由弱转强,出现跃升.研究结果对地下受限空间爆炸过程的进一步研究以及爆炸灾害的预防都有参考价值.     

抛光铝粉爆炸及ABC粉体抑爆特性的实验研究

为研究抛光铝粉的爆炸危险和ABC粉体的抑爆特性，在对实验粉体粒径分布进行分析的基础上，采用20 L粉尘爆炸特性实验装置，分别对不同铝粉尘浓度、不同抑爆剂浓度条件下的爆炸特性参数进行测试。研究结果表明:在实验条件下，铝粉的爆炸下限为45 g/m3＜C＜60 g/m3；随铝粉浓度增加，爆炸烈度呈现出先增强后减弱的变化趋势，在浓度为400 g/m3时爆炸烈度最大。ABC抑爆剂能够有效抑制铝粉爆炸超压和爆炸反应进程，随着惰性粉体浓度的增加，抑制效果愈加明显，爆炸逐渐减弱。当ABC惰性粉体的质量占比增加到50%时，相较单一铝粉爆炸，反应过程时间由72 ms增加至785 ms，爆炸最大压力、最大压力上升速率分别下降了61.7%，89.5%；当ABC粉体质量占比为53%时，铝粉被完全惰化，未发生爆炸。     

Numerical simulation of flame propagation and localized preflame autoignition in enclosures

A novel computational approach based on the coupled 3D Flame-Tracking–Particle (FTP) method is used for numerical simulation of confined explosions caused by preflame autoignition. The Flame-Tracking (FT) technique implies continuous tracing of the mean flame surface and application of the laminar/turbulent flame velocity concepts. The Particle method is based on the joint velocity–scalar probability density function approach for simulating reactive mixture autoignition in the preflame zone. The coupled algorithm is supplemented with the database of tabulated laminar flame velocities as well as with reaction rates of hydrocarbon fuel oxidation in wide ranges of initial temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. The main advantage of the FTP method is that it covers both possible modes of premixed combustion, namely, frontal and volumetric. As examples, combustion of premixed hydrogen–air, propane–air, and n-heptane–air mixtures in enclosures of different geometry is considered. At certain conditions, volumetric hot spots ahead of the propagating flame are identified. These hot spots transform to localized exothermic centers giving birth to spontaneous ignition waves traversing the preflame zone at very high apparent velocities, i.e., nearly homogeneous preflame explosion occurs. The abrupt pressure rise results in the formation of shock waves producing high overpressure peaks after reflections from enclosure walls.     

A methodology to predict shock overpressure decay in a tunnel produced by a premixed methane/air explosion

A methodology for estimating the blast wave overpressure decay in air produced by a gas explosion in a closed-ended tunnel is proposed based on numerical simulations. The influence of the tunnel wall roughness is taken into account in studying a methane/air mixture explosion and the subsequent propagation of the resulting shock wave in air. The pressure time-history is obtained at different axial locations in the tunnel outside the methane/air mixture. If the shock overpressure at two, or more locations, is known, the value at other locations can be determined according to a simple power law. The study demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed methodology to estimate the overpressure change with distance for shock waves in air produced by methane/air mixture explosions. The methodology is applied to experimental data in order to validate the approach.     

受限空间瓦斯爆炸与氢气促进机理研究

为探索受限空间中瓦斯爆炸及氢气对爆炸过程的影响,采用GRI-Mech 3.0甲烷燃烧机理,建立受限空间中瓦斯爆炸的数学模型,应用CHEMKIN软件,对受限空间内瓦斯爆炸过程及氢气对反应物浓度、活化中心浓度、主要致灾性气体浓度的影响进行模拟分析。通过对反应机理的敏感性分析,找出影响瓦斯爆炸及爆炸后主要致灾性气体生成的关键反应步。结果表明:混合气中分别充入0.5%,2%,3.5%氢气时,爆炸时间分别提前0.005 7,0.010 5,0.011 1 s;爆炸后压力分别提高2.53,4.05,7.60 kPa;爆炸后温度分别提高20,60,100 K。由此可见,随着混合气中氢气含量的增加,瓦斯引爆时间越来越短,其爆炸强度也随之增大,且氢气在一定程度上对有害气体CO,CO2,NO,NO2的生成有很大影响。     

Experimental study of the venting characteristics of dust explosion through a vent duct

To further understand the dynamic mechanism of dust explosion through a vent duct, we designed a small-scale cylindrical vessel connected with a vent duct and performed a dust explosion venting experiment under different opening pressures using corn starch as the explosive medium in this study. The results show that weakening effect of duct on venting is positively correlated with the opening pressure. The explosion pressure in the duct presents a three-peak-structure with time, successively caused by the membrane breaking shock wave, the secondary explosion in the tube, and the continuous combustion, and decreases gradually with the propagation distance. Meanwhile, the three pressure peaks are positively correlated with the opening pressure, while the time interval between them goes to contrary. The increase of opening pressure leads to the increase of secondary explosion intensity and reverse flow in the vessel, further accelerates the reaction rate in the vessel, and then shortens the duration of combustion in the vessel until the phenomenon of flame reignition in the vessel disappears.     

Effects of hydrogen addition on the confined and vented explosion behavior of methane in air

Multi-component gas mixture explosion accidents occur and recur frequently, while the safety issues of multi-component gas mixture explosion for hydrogen–methane mixtures have rarely been addressed.Numerical simulation study on the confined and vented explosion characteristics of methane-hydrogen mixture in stoichiometric air was conducted both in the 5 L vessel and the 64 m³ chamber, involving different mixture compositions and initial pressures. Based on the results and analysis, it is shown that the addition of hydrogen has a negative effect on the explosion pressure of methane-hydrogen mixture at adiabatic condition. While in the vented explosion, the addition of the hydrogen has a significant positive effect on the explosion hazard degree. Additionally, the addition of hydrogen can induce a faster reactivity and enhance the sensitivity of the mixture by reducing the explosion time and increasing the rate of pressure rise both in confined and vented explosion. Both the maximum pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise increase with initial pressure as a linear function, and also rise with the increase of hydrogen content in fuel. The increase in the maximum rate of pressure rise is slight when hydrogen ratio is lower than 0.5, however, it become significant when hydrogen ratio is higher than 0.5. The maximum rate of pressure rise for stoichiometric hydrogen-air is about 10 times the one of stoichiometric methane-air.Furthermore, the vent plays an important role to relief pressure, causing the decrease in explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise, while it can greatly enhance the flame speed, which will extend the hazard range and induce secondary fire damages. Additionally it appears that the addition of hydrogen has a significant increasing effect on the flame speed. The propagation of flame speed in confined explosion can be divided into two stages, increase stage and decrease stage, higher hydrogen content, higher slope. But in the vented explosion, the flame speed keeps increasing with the distance from the ignition point.     

Fast flame speeds and rates of pressure rise in the initial period of gas explosions in large L/D cylindrical enclosures

Flame speeds and rates of pressure rise for gaseous explosions in a 76 mm diameter closed cylindrical vessel of large length to diameter ratio (L/D = 21.6), were quantitatively investigated. Methane, propane, ethylene and hydrogen mixtures with air were studied across their respective flammability ranges. Ignition was affected at one end of the vessel. Very fast flame speeds corresponding to high rates of pressure rise were measured in the initial 5–10% of the total explosion time. During this period 20–35% of the maximum explosion pressure was produced, and over half of the flame propagation distance was completed. Previous work has concentrated on the later stages of this type of explosion; the development of tulip flames, pressure wave effects and transition to turbulence. The initial fast phase is very important and should dominate considerations in pressure relief vent design for vessels of large L/D.     

炼油火炬系统水封罐设计压力研究

水封罐作为炼油火炬系统防止回火爆炸的重要安全设施,其设计应能保证在发生回火爆炸事故时不被破坏。采用数值模拟技术,利用FLACS工具,建立水封罐三维模型,模拟计算水封罐内的典型气体爆炸,据此提出水封罐的设计压力。结果表明:烃类气体(如甲烷、丙烷)在水封罐密闭空间内发生爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的7~8倍,氢气爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的10~12倍。对于炼油火炬系统,建议富氢气体排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于1.0MPa(绝压),一般烃类火炬气排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于0.7MPa(绝压)。     

多元可燃性气体爆炸压力与中间产物发射光谱特性的耦合研究

工业生产中爆炸事故往往是由多元可燃气体与空气混合后遇到明火而引起的，为研究乙烷（C₂H₆）、乙烯（C₂H₄）、一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H₂）对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，选取多组分可燃气体甲烷爆炸压力特性和自由基发射光谱的影响进行研究，利用陕西省工业过程安全与应急救援工程技术研究中心重点实验室搭建的多功能球形气体/粉尘爆炸实验装置和单色仪进行爆炸实验测试，同步采集时间—压力曲线、中间产物（OH，CH₂O）的发射光谱信号，考察多组分可燃气体浓度对甲烷爆炸压力特性和中间产物的影响。结果表明:在富氧状态下，多组分可燃气体加剧了甲烷—空气混合体系的爆炸剧烈程度，随着体系中氧气含量的减少、由富氧状态变为贫氧状态、促进作用逐渐减弱转变为阻尼作用，爆炸压力特性与中间产物发射光谱参数的影响规律基本保持一致，均呈高度正相关；多元混合体系爆炸剧烈程度越大，自由基发射光谱达到峰值的速度越快，自由基更早、更快的积累是加剧爆炸程度的原因之一。