城市生活垃圾焚烧处理过程中重金属迁移规律研究

通过采集厦门2个垃圾焚烧发电厂进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、炉渣和烟气样品，分析垃圾组成成分及各组分的重金属含量，结果表明，垃圾中以厨余、橡塑类和纸类为主，共占到垃圾干基的78．08％，重金属含量大小次序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd〉Hg；垃圾渗滤液中除Zn外，其他金属的含量都较低，一厂渗滤液中重金属Ni、Zn迁移量较大，分别达到24．46％和8．52％。二厂渗滤液中重金属的迁移有相同的趋势，但含量相对较高。垃圾焚烧后其重金属主要分布在飞灰和废渣中，烟气中的含量非常少，不同金属的含量均有差别，这与金属的性质有很大关系；通过浸出毒性分析，飞灰中重金属酸溶态含量多，容易浸出，属于危险废物。同时，不同烟气处理工艺产生的飞灰的重金属浸出量有很大差别。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融分离处理

焚烧法处理城市生活垃圾已在世界先进发达国家广泛采用。垃圾焚烧飞灰含有大量的重金属，必须进行合理安全处置。在分析城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学性质基础上，研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰固化成型、熔融分离的无害化处理新工艺。实验结果表明：飞灰固化成球的适宜粘结剂为5%～7%消石灰，养护时间为10～12 d，固化球强度达0.24 kg/cm²以上，可以满足运输和熔化分离要求；固化后的飞灰在1 300℃左右熔融分离后，重金属的分离效果好，达到97%以上，可达到无害化处理标准；对1 300℃和1 400℃熔融分离后熔渣的重金属浸出毒性测试显示，重金属浸出毒性问题可以完全解除。研究结果表明，采用飞灰固化-熔融分离工艺处理城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是可行的。     

重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及重金属浸出行为的研究

通过激光粒度仪分析了重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒粒径的分布特征,并研究了在GB5085.3-2007和USEPA-TCLP浸出条件下及不同pH、浸出液固比和浸出时间等因素下重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的浸出行为.结果表明,重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒平均粒径为36.4μm,飞灰中主要重金属总量约1.04%,Zn、Pb含量较高,具有较...     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化稳定机理及系统评价方法的研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属是必须处理的环境污染物.目前,对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化稳定化处理已经有了大量的实验研究.但是,不同地区垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰中,重金属含量和形态大不相同,故相应的飞灰仍然难以实现大规模、普适性的处理.在查阅文献及实际调研的基础上,系统总结了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在形态与浸出特性;通过对重金属固化稳定...     

矿渣高温固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

垃圾焚烧飞灰由于含有大量重金属属于危险固体废物,重金属的浸出含量影响其资源化利用。模拟高炉矿渣在熔融状态下固熔部分飞灰,研究固熔体急冷后其重金属的浸出规律,采用SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR研究固熔体固化重金属的机理。结果表明:重金属浸出量随着熔融温度的升高而减少,随着飞灰掺量的增加而增加,但浸出浓度远低于国家标准;SEM-EDS表明,主要重金属均出现在固熔体中;XRD证实有部分Zn以生成Ca_2ZnSi_2O_7的形式被固化;FTIR的结果也表明固化的重金属影响了Si—O—Si键的周围环境。     

油页岩循环流化床锅炉底渣和飞灰中重金属元素浸出毒性研究

为了研究我国桦甸油页岩65 t/h循环流化床锅炉的底渣和飞灰中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的赋存状态及不同酸度条件下的浸出特性,分别进行了逐级提取实验和分批浸出的淋滤实验。逐级提取实验结果表明,这4种元素在底渣和飞灰中具有基本相当的赋存状态。硫化物结合态和稳定的残渣态是各元素的主要赋存状态,元素的潜在浸出能力大小表现为:PbCrCuZn,飞灰中各元素的潜在浸出能力大于底渣中的。浸出实验结果表明,元素的赋存状态决定了其浸提能力,浸提液的pH值对各元素浸出能力的影响不尽相同,各元素的浸出能力随浸提时间的延长都会趋于平衡,Cr和Pb的浸出浓度都高于地表水和饮用水的国家标准。     

再生铝飞灰重金属的浸出毒性特征及其控制

采用再生铝飞灰为研究样品,研究了飞灰重金属浸出毒性水平以及飞灰浸出毒性特征,同时探讨了飞灰的处理处置工艺。结果表明:飞灰中Pb、Cd和Zn浸出浓度超标,超标率为100%,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物,必须对其进行稳定和固化;再生铝飞灰中锌的浸出浓度所占比例最大,铅的浸出浓度次之,两者之和占总量的98%以上,再生铝飞灰中主要有害重金属为Zn和Pb;并结合当前飞灰的处理处置工艺,提出的可能的控制方法为水泥固化和药剂稳定法,为同类研究提供参考。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中不同粒径的毒性特性

对广州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂的焚烧飞灰进行粒径分级毒性分析研究。主要研究了粒径在35～1 000μm范围内的飞灰的腐蚀性和短期浸出毒性,包括Cr、Cd、Mg、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co等重金属,SO24-,Cl-,NO3--N和NO2--N,同时也研究了飞灰的物质组成和矿物特性。研究结果表明,所有粒径飞灰的浸出液pH值在12.3～12.5之间,属于有腐蚀性的危险废物,重金属Mg、Pb、Zn的浸出浓度最高,分别为168.78、53.94和86.40 mg/L。飞灰浸出液和含量最高分别达到8.87g/L和1.38 g/L,同时浸出液中测出一定量的硝态氮和亚硝态氮,证明飞灰吸附了垃圾焚烧过程中产生的氮氧化物气体。另外,研究得出飞灰的基本组成元素为Ca、Si、Cl、K、Na、S、Al、Mg和Fe,而重金属则以Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr等为主。矿物相主要为含硅和钙的化合物及NaCl和KCl等氯化物。     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属形态分析

利用原子吸收光谱仪分别对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属含量和重金属形态及其随颗粒度分布特性进行了分析,结果表明,飞灰中Cd、Zn、Pb等的浸出浓度远超标与这些重金属的可交换态和碳酸盐态含量较高有关;飞灰颗粒度主要在96 μm以下,96～150 μm的颗粒中Cd、Pb含量最高,且Zn、Cd的形态以可交换态为主.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰对染料（亚甲基蓝）的吸附性能

以垃圾焚烧飞灰为吸附剂对亚甲基蓝进行了吸附脱色实验。主要探讨了飞灰粒径、用量、温度、pH值和初始浓度等因素对亚甲基蓝吸附的影响，同时分析了吸附上清液中重金属Pb和Cr的浸出毒性。研究结果表明，在25—45℃、pH值2～12、飞灰用量1～5g范围内，经过180min吸附，亚甲基蓝的脱色率都达75％以上，最高可达99．46％。实验还得出，除重金属Pb外，吸附上清液中重金属的浸出量远远低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》的限定值。因此，若能降低重金属Pb的浸出，飞灰将具有应用于处理染料废水的巨大潜力。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.