天然气中N_2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中N2的来源很多，其地球化学特征也不相同：①大气源N2：N2／Ar≤84，且δ15NN2≈0‰（ATM）；②地壳越深部和上地幔来源的原生N2∶δ15NN2≈-2‰～＋1‰．且伴生Ar的40Ar／36Ar＞2000和He的3He／4He＞10－6；③微生物反硝化作用生成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰和地下水中NO3-及NO2-浓度异常高；④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰，伴生CK4的δ13C＜－55‰（PDB）；⑤成熟（包括高成熟）沉积有机质经热氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2值≈-10‰～－1‰，且伴生CH4的δ13C≈－55‰～－30‰；⑥过成熟沉积有机质裂解产生的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋5‰～＋20‰；⑦沉积岩中无机及在高温变质作用下释放出的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋1‰～＋3．5‰，N2／Ar》84。     

Size distribution, directional source contributions and pollution status of PM from Chengdu, China during a long-term sampling campaign

Long-term and synchronous monitoring of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was conducted in Chengdu in China from 2007 to 2013. The levels, variations, compositions and size distributions were investigated. The sources were quantified by two-way and three-way receptor models (PMF2, ME2-2way and ME2-3way). Consistent results were found: the primary source categories contributed 63.4% (PMF2), 64.8% (ME2-2way) and 66.8% (ME2-3way) to PM₁₀, and contributed 60.9% (PMF2), 65.5% (ME2-2way) and 61.0% (ME2-3way) to PM_2.5. Secondary sources contributed 31.8% (PMF2), 32.9% (ME2-2way) and 31.7% (ME2-3way) to PM₁₀, and 35.0% (PMF2), 33.8% (ME2-2way) and 36.0% (ME2-3way) to PM_2.5. The size distribution of source categories was estimated better by the ME2-3way method. The three-way model can simultaneously consider chemical species, temporal variability and PM sizes, while a two-way model independently computes datasets of different sizes. A method called source directional apportionment (SDA) was employed to quantify the contributions from various directions for each source category. Crustal dust from east-north-east (ENE) contributed the highest to both PM₁₀ (12.7%) and PM_2.5 (9.7%) in Chengdu, followed by the crustal dust from south-east (SE) for PM₁₀ (9.8%) and secondary nitrate & secondary organic carbon from ENE for PM_2.5 (9.6%). Source contributions from different directions are associated with meteorological conditions, source locations and emission patterns during the sampling period. These findings and methods provide useful tools to better understand PM pollution status and to develop effective pollution control strategies.     

小尺度范围内植被类型对土壤呼吸的影响

2005~2007年用红外气体分析仪在太原天龙山自然保护区对油松、草地和灌木地的土壤呼吸进行了测定.结果表明,3个样地的土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化特点,夏秋季高、冬春季低.土壤呼吸的年(3~12月)平均值分别为(3.58±2.50)、(3.82±2.75)和(4.42±3.38)μmol.(m2.s)-1(p0.05).3~12月土壤CO2释放量在854.9~1 297.2 g.(m2.a)-1之间,年间和样地之间的土壤CO2释放量均无显著差异.3个样地土壤呼吸与土壤温度的指数方程均为极显著(p0.01),R2值在0.61~0.81之间;Q10值在2.60~4.50之间,R10值在1.70~3.02μmol.(m2.s)-1之间.3种植被条件下土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系均不显著(p0.05),最大的R2值仅0.12;但是,用土壤温度10℃时的数据进行分析时,土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系显著(p0.05).4个双变量复合关系方程的R2值大部分在0.7以上,最高达0.91.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

硝化抑制剂双氰胺对菜地土壤N_2O排放的影响

采用原状土柱试验研究了施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对菜地（小白菜和辣椒）土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,施用DCD能显著降低菜地土壤N2O排放通量和排放总量,小白菜未施用DCD时施氮处理土壤N2 O排放总量为0.22 kg.hm-2,施用DCD后则显著减少至0.11 kg.hm-2,相当于减少了49.33%的土壤N2...     

Effects of lignin on nitrification in soil

The effects of two lignins isolated from black liquor from pulping process on nitrification in soils after addition of urea,(NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were investigated by incubation at 20 or 30℃ for 7 or 14d.The effects of lignin on nitrous oxide emissions from soil were also detenmined.Results showed that both lignins were more effective for inhibiting nitrification of NH4^ -N as(NH4)2SO4 of(NH4)2HPO4 as compared to urea-N.The effectiveness of lignin on nitrification was markedly affected by different soil type and temperature.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil declined when lignin was used.Urea plus 20 and 50 g/kg lignin reduced N2O emissions by about 83% and 96%,respectively,while(NH4)2HPO4 plus 20 and 50g/kg lignin respectively reduced emissions by 83% and 93%.Because of its low cost and nonhazardous characteristics,lignin has potential value as a fertilizer amendment to improve N fertilizer efficiency.     

亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量的季节变化特征

为估算和评价稻田生态系统碳源/汇强度及其对大气CO₂浓度变化的贡献,研究了稻田生态系统与大气间CO₂交换通量的季节变化特征及其影响因素.采用涡度相关技术对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO₂交换通量进行了连续监测,在数据剔除、校正和差补的基础上,对瞬时CO₂通量值进行计算求得日CO₂通量值和年CO₂通量值,并对CO₂通量季节变化及其与主要气象因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明,稻田生态系统光合吸收CO₂通量（GPP）、呼吸排放CO₂通量（R_eco）和净吸收CO₂通量（NEE）的季节变化均呈6～9月较高,1～5月和10～12月较低的对称分布.其中5～9月水稻生长时期的NEE总量占年总量的80%以上,对年NEE总量起决定性作用.光合有效辐射（PAR）和日平均气温（T_a）是GPP与NEE季节变化的最主要影响因子,二者与GPP和NEE分别存在显著的二元线性关系.年净吸收CO₂总量为2?475.6 g/(m²·a),这表明我国亚热带稻田生态系统是大气CO₂的汇.     

N2:O emissions from a cultivated Andisol after application of nitrogen fertilizers with or without nitrification inhibitor under soil moisture regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneoftheenvironmentallyimportanttracegases ,currentlyaccountingfor 2 %—4 %oftotalGreenhouseWarmingPotential (GWP ) .Itisalsoinvolvedinthedepletionofstratosphericozone .SoilhasbeenknownasthemajorsourceofN2 O ,accountingfor 6 5 %oftotalglobalemissions(Prather,1995 ) .Thus,reducingN2 Oemissionsfromsoilsisamaintaskfortheprotectionoftheglobalatmosphere .N2 Oisproducedastheresultofsoilmicrobialprocesses ,primarillybynitrification ,whentheoxidationhappensofNH+…     

1株壬基酚降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从给水处理系统长期运行的颗粒活性炭上分离到1株可以以壬基酚(NP)为唯一碳源生长的好氧细菌F-10,利用Sherlock微生物鉴定系统(MIS)分析,初步鉴定为红球菌属中的红串红球菌.通过摇瓶实验考察了温度、pH、NP初始浓度、细菌投量、金属离子等因素对F-10降解NP性能的影响,得出最佳降解条件是温度30℃,pH值6.0,在该条件下,2%菌投量对1 mg/L NP去除率达到了62%,且降解过程满足一级动力学模型,速率常数(k)为0.086 5 d-1,半衰期(t1/2)为8.0 d;此外,菌的降解速率与NP的初始浓度关系不大,而与菌量呈正相关;增加溶液中NH4、Mn2 、Mg2 、NaCl浓度或加入葡萄糖、醋酸钠和酵母膏等底物对菌降解NP均有促进作用;而Ca2 、Cu2 、Fe2 和磷酸盐的作用则相反;同时混合菌体系的降解性能要优于纯菌.     

Nitrous oxide emission and reduction in a laboratory-incubated paddy soil response to pretreatment of water regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isagreenhousegas.IncreasingatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationmayalsobedetrimentaltothestratosphericozonelayer(Crutzen ,1981) .AgriculturalsoilisamajorsourceofN2 O .MostN2 Ooriginateswithsoilprocesses,asanintermediateproductfrommic…     

小兴安岭毛赤杨沼泽CH4、N2O排放规律及其对人为干扰的响应

选择小兴安岭山区毛赤杨（Alnus sibirica）沼泽为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究两个生长季内（2007年和2008年）沼泽湿地在自然状态下CH4、N2O排放通量的变化规律及其主要影响因素,以及在不同采伐干扰（皆伐、45%择伐）方式下,CH4和N2O排放通量的变化过程.结果表明,2007年CH4和N2O平均排放通量分别为1.03 mg·m-2·h-1和58.56μg·m-2·h-1,2008年分别为20.57 mg·m-2·h-1和17.41 μg·m-2·h-1; CH4排放高峰期均发生在夏、秋两季,N2O排放规律不明显.皆伐沼泽和45%择伐沼泽CH4平均排放量分别为597.06、237.05 μg·m-2·h-1,N2O平均排放量分别为35.84、114.51μg·m-2·h-1;与天然沼泽相比,CH4排放量明显下降,N2O排放通量明显升高.水位是CH4排放的主要影响因子,但当水位达到一定高度时不再成为限制因子,土壤温度与CH4排放相关性显著,相对较低水位与相对较高土壤温度有利于N2O排放;积水水位是影响沼泽不同年份CH4和N2O通量排放差异的主要影响因子,采伐引起的土壤温度和水位的变化是干扰地与对照地CH4和N2O排放产生差异的主要原因.     

V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

方解石活性覆盖系统抑制底泥磷释放的影响因素研究

通过摇床振荡试验和底泥磷释放控制模拟试验,考察了覆盖系统厚度、上覆水Ca2 浓度、温度、方解石粒径以及人工曝气等对方解石活性覆盖系统抑制底泥磷释放效率的影响.结果表明,方解石覆盖系统可以抑制厌氧状态下底泥磷的释放,且抑制效果受覆盖系统厚度、上覆水Ca2 浓度、温度、方解石粒径及人工曝气等的影响.方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制效率随厚度的增加而明显提高,方解石投加量由12.7 kg/m2增加到38.2 kg/m2,模拟期间覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制率则由56%增加到99%;上覆水的Ca2 会增强方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放抑制的效率,上覆水Ca2 浓度由1 mmol/L增加到5mmol/L,模拟期间上覆水的磷浓度下降36%左右;对于方解石投加量较少的情况下,高温条件与低温条件相比,底泥向上覆水释放更多的磷,而通过增加覆盖系统的厚度可以消除高温所带来的不利影响;方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制效率随粒径的减小而明显增强;对方解石覆盖系统表面进行人工曝气,不仅可以降低底泥氨氮的释放速率,而且还可以降低底泥磷的释放速率.     

膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2

以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO₂的技术.分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO₂浓度和吸收液CO₂负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响.结果表明:1mol·L^-1MEA在流速0.1m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,CO₂传质速率高达7.1mol·(m²·s)^-1;1mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,脱除率为93.2%;4mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在同样条件下脱除率达98%;而且在试验的较广烟气CO₂浓度范围内,氨基乙酸钾CO₂脱除率保持在90%以上.试验证明膜吸收法既适合目前最为普遍的PF和NGCC烟道气脱除CO₂,也是一种应用广泛、有良好发展前景的CO₂分离法.     

北方典型设施菜地土壤CO2排放特征

为研究我国北方典型设施菜地的土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响因素,通过原位监测手段,研究山东省寿光市农田转变为不同种植年限（6、12 a）设施菜地及设施菜地荒废12 a后土壤CO₂排放规律及影响因素.结果表明:①种植6 a设施菜地较农田具有较高的土壤CO₂排放量,可能是由于设施菜地种植过程中大量施加有机肥造成的,并且设施菜地土壤温度及含水率较高,增加了土壤蔗糖酶活性,加剧土壤CO₂排放.②当种植年限超过10 a,设施菜地施肥量减少,降低了土壤微生物可利用底物的供应.因此,种植12 a设施菜地土壤CO₂排放量降至农田水平.③种植6 a设施菜地土壤的w（DOC）（DOC表示水溶性有机碳）比农田较高.④土壤CO₂排放年内分配不均匀,表现为农田及荒废设施菜地土壤CO₂排放主要集中在5—8月,其排放量占全年的75.09%、87.02%,峰值出现在7月.种植6 a设施菜地土壤CO₂排放主要集中在5—8月和11月—翌年2月,两阶段排放量分别占全年的48.48%、42.34%,峰值分别出现在7月、12月.研究显示,农田转变为设施菜地短期（种植6 a）内可显著促进土壤CO₂排放及DOC的输出,但随着种植年限延长至12 a,土壤CO₂排放降至农田水平.      

Volatile organic chloramines formation during ClO2 treatment

Volatile organic chloramines are reported as the disinfection byproducts during chlorination or chloramination.However,ClO_2,as an important alternative disinfectant for chlorine,was not considered to produce halogenated amines.In the present work,volatile organic chloramines including(CH_3)_2 NCl and CH_3 NCl_2 were found to be generated during the reaction of ClO_2 and the dye pollutants.(CH_3)_2 NCl was the dominant volatile DBP to result from ClO_2 treated all four dye pollutants including Methyl Orange,Methyl Red,Methylene Blue and Malachite Green,with molar yields ranging from 2.6% to 38.5% at a ClO_2 to precursor(ClO_2/P) molar ratio of 10.HOCl was identified and proved to be the reactive species for the formation of (CH_3)_2 NCl,which implied(CH_3)_2 NCl was transformed by a combined oxidation of ClO_2 and hypochlorous acid.(CH_3)_2 NCl concentrations in the ppb range were observed when real water samples were treated by ClO_2 in the presence of the dye pollutants.The results suggest that these azo dyes are one of the significant precursors for the formation of HOCl during ClO_2 treatment and that organic chloramines should be considered in ClO_2 disinfection chemistry and water treatment.     

Characteristic and mercury adsorption of activated carbon produced by CO2 of chicken waste

Preparation of activated carbon from chicken waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Hg removal. A three-stage activation process （drying at 200℃, pyrolysis in N2 atmosphere, followed by CO2 activation） was used for the production of activated samples. The effects of carbonization temperature （409-4500℃）, activation temperature （700-900℃）, and activation time （1-2.5 h） on the physicochemical properties （weight-loss and BET surface） of the prepared carbon wereinvestigated. Adsorptive removal of mercury from real flue gas onto activated carbon has been studied. The activated carbon from chicken waste has the same mercury capacity as commercial activated carbon （Darco LH） （Hg^v： 38.7% vs. 53.5%, Hg^0： 50.5% vs. 68.8%）, although its surface area is around 10 times smaller, 89.5 m^2/g vs. 862 m^2/g. The low cost activated carbon can be produced from chicken waste, and the procedure is suitable.     

水环境磷的灰化法测定中不同灰化助剂的效果比较

以磷酸二氢钠和偏磷酸钠为磷标样,对加入不同盐试剂(灰化助剂)经不同温度(150℃～550℃)灼烧后磷的回收率进行了比较.所研究的灰化助剂除文献中报道过的MgSO₄和Mg(NO₃)₂外,还对MgCl₂等10余种盐试剂进行了实验.结果发现,磷酸二氢钠和偏磷酸钠加入MgSO₄在常规的灼烧温度下灼烧,用0.2mol/L HCl于80℃浸提0.5h不能使磷全部回收,而MgCl₂、MgA     

Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase measurements: Comparing immunochemical and polyacrylamide gel techniques

In the present study, a recently reported immunochemical technique for measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid utilizing the 4F19 antibody was compared with the widely utilized polyacrylamide gel technique to determine whether the immunochemical assay provided an advantage in separating unaffected pregnancies from those associated with open spina bifida (OSB) and open ventral wall defects (OVWD). The study included (1) 73 amniotic fluid samples from unaffected pregnancies [alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) < 2 MoM] with no visible gel AChE band, (2) nine bloodstained samples from unaffected pregnancies (AFP 2·2–4·0 MoM) with visible gel AChE bands, (3) 18 samples associated with OSB (AFP 2·2–7·0 MoM) with visible gel AChE bands, and (4) 20 samples associated with OVWD (AFP 3·2–53·5 MoM) with visible gel AChE bands. The immunochemical assay produced ranges of measurements in the four respective categories as follows: (1) 2–60 arbitrary units (AU): (2) 14–69 AU, (3) 61–593 AU, and (4)22–476 AU. Eight of the nine unaffected pregnancies with visible gel AChE bands had immunochemical measurements below the highest measurement for the samples with no visible AChE band (60 AU), as did five out of 20 OVWD pregnancies. Two of the OSB cases had values of 61 and 62 AU. These data indicate that the 4F19 specific monoclonal antibody to AChE is capable of distinguishing unaffected from affected pregnancies with reasonable reliability but that more work needs to be done to establish the extent of overlap between the unaffected and affected populations.     

污水生物处理实际工艺中氧化亚氮的释放：现状与挑战

介绍了污水生物处理过程中N2O的产生途径,重点分析了污水厂典型脱氮工艺的N2O释放差异及其原因,提出了城市污水脱氮处理过程N2O减排的具体措施,并估算出全国城镇污水处理厂2011年N2O释放总量约为1.26×109g(以N计),对今后关于城市污水脱氮处理过程N2O产生及减排的研究趋势进行了评估.