微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定TSP中砷和汞

通过比较不同滤膜的透气效率和空白值来选择采样滤膜,探讨了不同消解方法的前处理效果,进行精密性、准确性及实际样品测试等条件实验,建立了微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定大气环境TSP中砷和汞的方法。结果表明,过氯乙烯滤膜透气性好,空白值低且稳定,微波消解能使样品消解更完全,精密度好,回收率高,尤其汞的损失少。     

微波消解体系与聚四氟乙烯滤膜对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用4种微波消解体系对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、As、Cd 5种重金属元素含量,并计算其空白加标和样品加标回收率,建立了测定PTFE材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品中重金属元素的最优微波消解体系。结果表明,4种消解体系下,空白加标回收率和样品加标回收率均处于合理范围,分别为95.3%~116.3%和93.3%~118.5%。其中,HNO3放置过夜+H2O2消解体系具有空白值低、测定稳定性强、操作简便、绿色环保、对人体健康危害小等优点,能够满足大批量PM2.5样品中重金属总量的快速、高效、准确分析的要求。     

总氮测定中的一点体会

在总氮测定中消解时间不够或高压锅压力不足 ,均会造成过硫酸钾分解不完全 ,从而导致空白吸光度偏高 ,标准曲线线性和结果重现性差。 ( 1 )样品消解 1 0、2 0、30、40 min,2 2 0 nm处的空白吸光度分别为 0 .378、0 .0 35、0 .0 1 5、0 .0 1 4,故样品至少需消解 30 min。 ( 2 )用家用高压锅消解样品 ,稍有漏气 ,消解 30 min,2 2 0 nm处的空白吸光度在0 .2 30～ 0 .874之间 ,空白吸光度高 (有时高于祥品吸光度 )且波动性大。不漏气情况下的空白吸光度在 0 .0 1 5左右 ,波动性小。因此消解时要注意观察高压锅是否漏气总氮测定中的一点体会@赵多…     

凯氏氮测定中样品消解催化剂的改进

对凯氏氮测定中样品的消解催化剂进行了改进，提出了用硫酸－硫酸铜代替硫酸－硫酸汞消解样品。试验结果表明，2种方法测定结果基本相符，相对误差不超过8．7％，经t检验，2种方法空白吸光值无显著性差异。     

湖水总磷测定中样品预处理的探讨

通过对湖泊水总磷的测定，就如何使标准曲线和样品的预处理简便、快捷、省时等方面进行了探讨，结果表明，不消解与不同消解时间的空白值与标准曲线试验，经检验无显著性差异；用过硫酸钾法预处理，样品经１０～４０ｍｉｎ加热（１２０℃）消解测定，总磷标样及样品测定结果经检验均无显著性差异。     

在线富集流动注射-火焰原子吸收法中样品空白值的测定

提出了在线富集-FAAS法中样品空白值测定的方法,讨论了不正确的样品空白值对测定结果准确度的影响.     

生物样品的HNO_3-H_2O_2新消解过程

提出了用浓HNO_3和30％H_2O_2消解生物样品的新操作过程:先用浓HNO_3除去绝大部分有机物,然后将样品适当炭化后用30％H_2O_2处理。本法全过程温度低于140℃。5g大米粉样品用6～12ml浓HNO_3、15～20ml30％H_2O_2,3—4小时可完成。有空白值低、元素不易挥发损失、安全性好等优点。     

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中微量总氮影响因素分析

采用国标《碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》（ HJ 636-2012）测定水中总氮（ TN），虽然实验步骤简单，但影响因素较多，需严格控制实验条件。本文针对含量在方法检出限0．05 mg/L附近的微量总氮水样，从实验用水、器皿的处置、试剂的配制与存放、消解样品的制作与冷却时间等方面考察了总氮空白值的控制、校准曲线的选取等影响因素，优化了实验条件，结果令人满意。     

紫外法测定水中总氮校准曲线制备的简化

《水和废水监测分析方法 (第 3版 )》中测定总氮 ,通常在碱性介质条件下 ,用过硫酸钾对水样进行消解处理。在制备校准曲线时 ,标准系列亦需经过消解处理。今对标准系列作消解、不消解两种方法对比 ,用紫外分光光度法 (分别于波长 2 2 0ｎｍ与 2 75ｎｍ处测定吸光值 ,按式Ａ =Ａ2 2 0 - 2Ａ2 75计算硝酸盐氮的吸光值 ,从而算出总氮的含量 )测定。1　空白值测定用 6份无氨水各加碱性过硫酸钾溶液 5ｍＬ ,按操作方法进行消解处理 ,测定结果见表 1。表 1　空白测定值 (Ａ0 =Ａ0 2 2 0 - 2Ａ0 2 75)Ａ ｘ ｓ空白值 0 0 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 75本方法…     

论环境监测中比色分析的样品空白

针对环境监测样品本身受到不同程度污染的实际情况,提出样品空白这一分析术语.样品空白其性质与空白样品不同,其一是一个取待测样品,另一个取纯水.其二是一个参照分析方法操作(或按特定程序操作),不加显色剂成分,另一个则完全按分析方法操作.其三一个是校正在分析条件介质,样品本身在某一波长下的吸光度,另一个是校正试剂、纯水中所含的待测成分及干扰成分.再者环境样品中,无论是清洁的河水或工矿废水,或多或少的有一吸光值,只是程度不同而已.样品空白的提出更加明确了环境监测的色度、浊度校正的重要性,对提高环境监测质量有重要的意义.     

无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化——个案研究

研究了江苏南通某乡镇土壤铅的污染以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米铅污染严重。通过盆栽实验建立了水稻对铅的吸收积累及评估模型,提出了符合该地区大米安全生产的土壤铅临界含量值,为土壤铅环境质量标准的研究提供了参考实例。同时结合国内外环境质量标准的对比,提出无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化,建议制/修订土壤铅环境质量标准值。土壤环境二级标准值由现行的250～350mg/kg改为80mg/kg。     

Impact of intensive agricultural practices on drinking water quality in the EVROS Region (NE GREECE) by GIS analysis

Chemical fertilizers are used extensively in modern agriculture, in order to improve yield and productivity of agricultural products. However, nutrient leaching from agricultural soil into groundwater resources poses a major environmental and public health concern. The Evros region is one of the largest agricultural areas in Northern Greece, extending over 1.5 million acres of cultivated land. Many of its drinking water resources are of groundwater origin and lie within agricultural areas. In order to assess the impact of agricultural fertilizers on drinking water quality in this region, tap-water samples from 64 different locations were collected and analyzed for the presence of nitrates [Formula: see text], nitrites [Formula: see text], ammonium [Formula: see text], sulfate [Formula: see text] and phosphate [Formula: see text]. These chemicals were selected based on the information that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and inorganic phosphate were the primary fertilizers used in local crop production. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] levels exceeding accepted values were recorded in 6.25, 4.70 and 9.38% of all sampling points, respectively. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] concentrations, on the other hand, were inside the permitted range. The data generated were introduced into a geographic information system (GIS) program for computer analysis and projection maps representing afflicted areas were created. Our results indicate a profound geographic correlation in the surface distribution of primary contaminants in areas of intensified agricultural production. Thus, drinking water pollution in these areas can be attributed to excessive fertilizer use from agricultural sources.     

Meat,Dairy and Climate Change: Assessing the Long-Term Mitigation Potential of Alternative Agri-Food Consumption Patterns in Canada

We use a newly developed model of the entire Canadian energy system (TIMES-Canada) to assess the climate change mitigation potential of different agri-food consumption patterns in Canada. For this, our model has been extended by disaggregating the agricultural demand sector into individual agri-food demands to allow for a more in-depth analysis. Besides a business-as-usual (baseline) scenario, we have constructed four different agri-food scenarios to assess the viability of reducing Canadian meat and dairy consumption in order to diminish Canada’s agricultural sector energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our policy scenarios progressively restrict the consumption of different meat and dairy agricultural products until the year 2030. Our results suggest that the implementation of a meat and dairy consumption reduction policy would lead to a 10 to 40 % reduction in agricultural GHG emissions, depending on the severity of the scenario. This translates to a 1 to 3 % decrease in total Canadian GHG emissions by the year 2030. Besides these environmental benefits, health benefits associated with a reduction in meat and dairy consumption (as inferred from other studies) are presented as an additional source of motivation for implementing such a policy in Canada.     

濮阳市工业污染特征与产业布局调整路径探析

基于2017年濮阳市第二次全国污染源普查数据,采用聚类分析和核密度分析的方法对濮阳市行业结构特征、工业污染集聚特征进行了分析。结果表明,濮阳市支柱行业为石化行业,工业总产值占比36.92%,远高于其他行业;非金属矿物制品企业数量最多,污染物排放总量最高;颗粒物排放量占濮阳市工业污染源排放总量的33%,占比最高;非金属矿物制品业与石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业是濮阳市废气污染物的主要来源,石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业与农副产品加工业是濮阳市废水污染物的主要来源;濮阳市产业集聚区是污染物产排的重要区域,其污染物产生量占濮阳市污染物产生总量的95.49%,污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的63.05%。而非产业集聚区的污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的36.95%,是精准治污的重点。针对濮阳市产业结构和产业布局现状,提出,重新整合辖区非金属矿物制品业,继续做强石化行业,兼顾发展污染物排放强度低的行业;挖掘产业集聚区减排潜力,建设绿色产业集聚区是经济与环境协调发展的重要途径;非产业集聚区企业应因地制宜,政策引导,发挥中小企业自主能动性,提升环境质量。以期为濮阳市产业布局调整提供技术支持。     

Effects of industrial air pollution on the technical efficiency of agricultural production: Evidence from China

With the increase in industrial plants in the rural areas of developing countries, the effects of industrial air pollution on the technical efficiency of agricultural production have attracted considerable attention. However, although some studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on crops' yields, only few of them have focused on how industrial air pollution affects the relationships among production factors and their technical efficiency. Using survey data collected from southwestern China, this paper analyses the effects of point-source air pollution on rice production by incorporating air pollution as an input in a translog production function. Our findings indicate that industrial air pollution lowers the marginal products of factors, alters the relationships of labour-capital and chemical-capital from complementarity to substitution, and changes the seed-chemical relationship from substitution to complementarity. Furthermore, the complementary elasticities of labour-chemical and labour-seed are reduced, whereas that of capital-seed is improved. Without considering the changes in the production function, the technical efficiency estimated using the traditional stochastic frontier analysis method appears to be overestimated compared with that estimated using a modified measure. The understanding of the effects of industrial air pollution on technical efficiency will help researchers in making a sound estimation of agricultural loss and provide helpful insights for policy-makers.     

Investigating the Interdependence Between Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy,Agricultural Value Added,and Arable Land Use in Argentina

We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), non-hydroelectric renewable energy (NHRE) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), and agricultural land (AGRL) use for the case of Argentina over the period 1980–2013 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag bound approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests. The Fisher statistics of the Wald test are examined, and the existence of a long-run cointegration between variables is proved. There are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. The short-run Granger causality suggests bidirectional causality between AVA and agricultural land use, unidirectional causalities running from AGRL to NHRE and from NHRE to AVA. Long-run elasticity estimates suggest that increasing AGRL reduces carbon emissions; increasing AVA increases GDP and reduces pollution, AGRL, and NHRE; and increasing NHRE reduces AVA and AGRL. Thus, it seems that agriculture and renewable energy are substitute activities and compete for land use. We recommend that Argentina should continue to encourage agricultural production. The substitutability between agricultural and non-hydroelectric renewable energy productions, and their competition for agricultural land use, should be at least reduced or even stopped by encouraging research and development in second-generation (or even in third-generation) biofuel production and in new technologies for renewable energy and for agriculture more efficient in land use.

     

Monitoring of Butter and Ghee (Clarified Butter Fat) for Pesticidal Contamination from Cotton Belt of Haryana, India

Butter (45) and ghee (55) samples were collected from rural and urban areas of cotton growing belt of Haryana and analysed for detecting the residues of organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The estimation was carried out by using multi residue analytical technique employing GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems equipped with capillary columns. Butter samples were comparatively more contaminated (97%) than ghee (94%), showing more contamination with organochlorine insecticides from urban samples. About 11% samples of butter showed endosulfan residues above MRL value and 2% samples had residues of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates each above their respective MRL values. In ghee, residues of HCH & DDT both and of endosulfan exceeded the MRL values in 5 and 20% samples, respectively. Among organophosphates, only chlorpyriphos was detected with 9% samples showing its residue above MRL value. Irrespective of contamination levels, residues above the MRL values were more in ghee. More extensive study covering other agricultural regions/zones of Haryana has been suggested to know the overall scenario of contamination of milk products.     

Early-season agricultural drought: detection, assessment and monitoring using Shortwave Angle and Slope Index (SASI) data

Early season or crop-planting-period (ES/CPP) drought conditions have become a recurrent phenomenon in tropical countries like India, due to fluctuations in the time of onset and progression of monsoon rains. ES/CPP agricultural drought assessment is a major challenge because of the difficulties in the generation of operational products on soil moisture at larger scales. The present study analyzed the Shortwave Angle Slope Index (SASI) derived from Near Infrared and Shortwave Infrared data of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, for tracking surface moisture changes and assessing the agricultural drought conditions during ES/CPP, over Andhra Pradesh state, India. It was found that in-season progression of SASI was well correlated with rainfall and crop planting patterns in different districts of the study area state in both drought and normal years. Rainfall occurrence, increase in crop planted area, and decrease in SASI were in chronological synchronization in the season. Change in SASI from positive to negative values is a unique indication of dryness to wetness shift in the season. Duration of positive SASI values indicated the persistence of agricultural drought in the crop planting period. Mean SASI values were able to discriminate an area which was planted in normal year and unplanted in drought year. SASI thresholds provide an approximate and rapid estimate of the crop planting favorable area in a region which is useful to assess the impact of drought. Thus, SASI is a potential index to strengthen the existing operational drought monitoring systems. Further work needs to be on the integration of multiple parameters—SASI, soil texture, soil depth, rainfall and cropping pattern, to evolve a geospatial product on crop planting favorable areas. Such products pave the way for quantification of drought impact on agriculture in the early part of the season, which is a major inadequacy in the current drought monitoring system.     

环境监测市场化若干问题的思考

分析了环境监测市场化迅速发展的原因。论述了政府在环境治理中的角色和环境监测的本质属性,通过环境监测产品使用价值分析,提出了购买者为排污企业时,环境监测产品使用价值的错位概念。论述了环境监测市场化可能导致的恶性竞争。     

Mapping nitrate leaching to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of The Netherlands, using conceptual knowledge

The European Community asks its Member States to provide a comprehensive and coherent overview of their groundwater chemical status. It is stated that simple conceptual models are necessary to allow assessments of the risks of failing to meet quality objectives. In The Netherlands two monitoring networks (one for agriculture and one for nature) are operational, providing results which can be used for an overview. Two regression models, based upon simple conceptual models, link measured nitrate concentrations to data from remote sensing images of land use, national forest inventory, national cattle inventory, fertiliser use statistics, atmospheric N deposition, soil maps and weather monitoring. The models are used to draw a nitrate leaching map and to estimate the size of the area exceeding the EU limit value in the early 1990s. The 95% confidence interval for the fraction nature and agricultural areas where the EU limit value for nitrate (50 mg/l) was exceeded amounted to 0.77–0.85 while the lower 97.5% confidence limit for the fraction agricultural area where the EU limit value was exceeded amounted to 0.94. Although the two conceptual models can be regarded as simple, the use of the models to give an overview was experienced as complex.