典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

浅层地下水氯代烃污染的天然生物降解

对我国北方某城市的浅层地下水进行了有机污染调查,局部地区发现了严重的氯代烃污染.PCE和TCE对地下水的污染程度远远大于CF和CT,是主要污染物,最高浓度分别为487.55μg/L和63.74μg/L.本文根据所掌握的资料,结合氯代烃天然条件下生物降解判定方法,对研究区地下水氯代烃生物降解衰减可能性进行研究.结果表明,该市地下水氯代烃污染区浅层地下水环境、Eh、pH值、生物降解的间接标志NO₃^-浓度变化,以及PCE和TCE生物降解中间产物等均有助于证实氯代烃生物降解转化的存在.多数点为Eh小于100mV的还原环境,将综合污染评价分级中1、2级,3、4级和5级所对应的NO₃^-/Cl^-值求平均分别为0.804,0.754和0.596,在所有检出DCE的点中,cis-1,2-DCE的百分比均超过了DCE总量的80%.室内模拟实验进一步说明,氯代烃污染区地下水环境中,氯代烃完全可能产生共代谢生物降解转化,因此,确认PCE存在向TCE的生物降解转化,能够更加合理地解释这一地区TCE和PCE的污染现状.     

氯代乙烯的厌氧微生物还原脱氯特性

四氯乙烯（PCE）和三氯乙烯（TCE）是地下水中典型的卤代有机化合物,严重威胁生态环境与人体健康.为获得氯代乙烯高效厌氧降解菌剂并探究其在污染地下水中的应用潜能,利用某工业污染场地的地下水,通过投喂PCE或TCE进行长期富集培养,获得了可将PCE和TCE完全脱氯成无毒乙烯的厌氧菌剂W-1.菌剂W-1的PCE和TCE脱氯速率分别是（120.1 ±4.9） μmol·（L·d）^-1和（172.4 ±21.8） μmol·（L·d）^-1.16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和qPCR结果表明,98.3 μmol PCE还原脱氯至顺-1,2-二氯乙烯（cis-1,2-DCE）时,Dehalobacter丰度从1.9%增长至57.1%,基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加1.7×10⁷ copies;cis-1,2-DCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯时,Dehalococcoides丰度从1.1%增长至53.8%;PCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯过程中Dehalococcoides基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加1.7×10⁸ copies.以上结果说明Dehalobacter与Dehalococcoides协同互作实现PCE完全降解解毒.当菌群W-1以TCE为电子受体时,222.8 μmol TCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯时候,Dehalococcoides丰度从（29.1 ±2.4）%增长至（77.7 ±0.2）%,基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加（1.9 ±0.4）×10⁸ copies.结合PCR和Sanger测序,获得了菌剂W-1中主要脱卤菌Dehalococcoides LWT1较完整的16S rRNA基因序列,其与D. mccartyi strain 195 16S rRNA基因序列相似度达100%.将菌群W-1添加至受TCE（418.7 μmol·L^-1）污染的地下水中,28 d内实现了（69.2 ±9.8）%的TCE被完全脱毒至乙烯,TCE脱氯速率为（10.3 ±1.5） μmol·（L·d）^-1.研究成果可为PCE或TCE污染地下水开展厌氧微生物修复提供菌剂资源和理论指导.     

某市污水厂抗生素和抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）是国内外备受关注的新兴污染物.污水处理厂是环境中抗生素和ARGs的重要人为污染源.对某市6座主要污水处理厂进出水中抗生素和ARGs含量和特征的分析发现：6座污水厂进出水中检出7类73种抗生素.进水中抗生素总浓度为490.2~2288.6 ng·L^-1,其中氧氟沙星、麻保沙星和罗红霉素这3种抗生素的检出频率最高.不同污水厂对抗生素去除效果差异较大,出水中抗生素总浓度为260.2~1464.3 ng·L^-1,其中抗生素以喹诺酮类和大环内酯类为主,并且存在污水厂出水抗生素浓度高于进水抗生素浓度的现象.选择的10种目标ARGs在6座污水处理厂进出水中均有检出.sul Ⅰ基因的检出频率和丰度最高,绝对丰度为2.4×10⁵~5.4×10⁶ copies·mL^-1;工业废水和生活污水中ARGs的总丰度无显著区别.与进水相比,出水中ARGs丰度和抗生素浓度的相关性显著变弱.     

天津市主要河流和土壤中全氟化合物空间分布、来源及风险评价

以全氟化合物（polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）为研究对象,选择渤海湾区域城市化水平较高的典型传统工业城市天津为研究区域,系统采集了水体和土壤样品,并通过固相萃取和高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC/MS-MS）方法,分析了水体和土壤中的PFASs暴露水平.结果表明,12种PFASs在水体和土壤中全部检出,水体中ΣPFASs浓度范围为3.93~357.85 ng·L^-1,土壤中ΣPFASs含量范围为4.60~63.85 ng·g^-1;PFBA是水体和土壤的主要组分,贡献率分别为37%和67%.天津市土壤和河流水体中PFASs存在空间差异性,河流上游至下游PFASs浓度呈递增趋势,且土壤和水体中ΣPFASs含量都表现为东部滨海区域（均值分别为11.45 ng·g^-1和71.36 ng·L^-1）比西部（均值6.94ng·g^-1和36.08 ng·L^-1）高,滨海新区ΣPFASs远高于其他行政区,研究结果也表明了该区域全氟化合物的使用正在转向短链产品.来源分析结果表明,橡胶品的乳化、食品包装过程和纸类表面处理和灭火剂使用,以及工业生产中电化学氟化过程是研究区土壤中PFASs主要来源;水体中PFASs主要来源是前驱体发生降解,少数区域的PFASs源于生产的直接排放,然而受大气沉降影响较小.生态风险评价结果表明,研究区内水体和土壤中PFASs暴露浓度较低,尚处于较低的生态风险水平,但由于其具有远距离传输能力和生物食物链（网）累积性,其长期的生态效应仍不容忽视.     

河流及污水处理厂全氟化合物排放估算

为了解全氟化合物（PFCs）的环境排放强度,利用通量计算的方法,综合国内现有PFCs监测数据,对我国部分主要流域的河流水体和部分主要城市的污水处理厂PFCs排放通量进行了估算研究.环渤海北部沿海区域主要河流水体中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）排放总通量分别为122 kg/a和216 kg/a,其中大辽河和大凌河分别为该区域PFOS和PFOA排放的主要河流.珠江和长江是中国PFOS排放的主要河流,PFOS排放通量分别为4.47×10³ kg/a和807 kg/a.长江和黄浦江为中国PFOA排放的主要河流,PFOA排放通量分别为3.92×10⁴ kg/a和1.60×10⁴ kg/a.天津市和北京市污水处理厂人均PFOS排放量分别为291 μg·（a·人）^-1和221 μg·（a·人）^-1,远低于瑞士和美国污水处理厂的人均PFOS排放量.城市污泥PFCs排放量较高区域多集中在PFCs相关生产厂家集中省份的工业较发达城市.研究结果可为进一步进行污染源识别以及控制和减少PFCs污染和排放提供科学依据.     

基于GIS和PMF模型的石嘴山市土壤多环芳烃空间分布及来源解析

随着城市化和工业化进程加速,城市土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）含量及污染状况受到广泛关注.以石嘴山市为例,分析8个城市功能区156个表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品PAHs含量的空间分布特征,运用单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数和终生癌症风险增量模型评价土壤PAHs污染状况,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）对PAHs来源进行解析.结果表明,石嘴山市表层土壤PAHs总含量均值为489.82 ng·g^-1,除芘（Pyr）外的15种PAH单体变异系数均大于100%,属强变异;不同功能区土壤PAHs含量呈现出：交通区（1217.61 ng·g^-1） > 工业区（809.58 ng·g^-1） > 公园（273.66 ng·g^-1） > 文教区（268.18 ng·g^-1） > 商业区（240.05 ng·g^-1） > 农业区（226.81 ng·g^-1） > 医疗区（211.90 ng·g^-1） > 居民区（183.49 ng·g^-1）;内梅罗综合指数显示82.58%的样点不存在污染,轻微、轻度和中度污染占比分别为6.45%、4.52%和0.65%,5.8%的样点存在重度污染;健康风险评价结果表明,皮肤接触和误食是最主要的土壤PAHs暴露途径,其健康风险处于可接受水平;源解析表明石嘴山市土壤PAHs的主要来源为交通排放源、煤炭燃烧源、生物质/重油燃烧的混合源以及石油源,其贡献率分别为10.5%、36.6%、50.3%和2.6%,且高值大多分布在工业或煤炭生产区域.研究结果可为工业城市土壤污染研究提供参考,并对预防土壤污染、保障土壤环境质量及人体健康安全有积极作用.     

利用零价铁去除挥发性氯代脂肪烃的试验

选用四氯乙烯(PCE)、三氯乙烯(TCF)与四氯化碳(CT)为靶污染物,研究不同组合下,零价铁系统对各污染物降解的有效性及反应进行的影响因素.结果表明:实验选用的废料生铁可有效去除水中的有机氯代脂肪烃类,尤其对氯代烷烃具有较强的降解功能,且反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;当PCE和TCE共存时,PCE和TCE的反应速率常数K分别为0.0624mL·(m²·h)^-1和0.0357mL·(m²·h),说明氯代程度高的PCE脱氯快;当CT和PCE共存时,二者的K分别为0.1341mL·(m2·h)^-1和0.0129mL·(m²·h)^-1,CT的脱氯快且彻底,说明氯代程度相同时烷烃的脱氯优于烯烃;无论是哪种氯代烃,单独存在时其反应的半衰期均短于与其它组分共存时.     

我国经济快速发展区工业VOCs排放特征及管控对策

近年来随着我国经济快速发展,挥发性有机物（VOCs）作为雾、霾和臭氧前驱物日益受到关注,经济快速发展区VOCs污染情况尤为复杂.本文对京津冀、长三角和珠三角的12种典型工业行业及垃圾、废水处理厂与综合工业园区、居民区的VOCs排放特征与分布趋势进行系统分析.解析出制药、橡胶和油漆喷涂为12种典型工业行业中VOCs平均排放浓度最高的3个行业,得到平均浓度分别为541、499和450 mg·m^-3,应给予高度关注.对比分析发现长三角与京津冀地区平均排放浓度最高是制药行业,分别为112 mg·m^-3和1.00×10³ mg·m^-3;而珠三角地区油漆喷涂行业排放最高,平均浓度为1.04×10³ mg·m^-3.进一步对12种典型工业行业VOCs种类分布情况进行分析,发现毒性大的芳香烃与卤代烃分别在油漆喷涂与制药行业中排放占比最高,达到55.99%和26.57%.三大经济区中长三角地区居民区与综合工业园区附近VOCs浓度最低,京津冀地区浓度最高,与各地区工业排放分布情况一致.分析2002~2018年的数据发现居民区VOCs浓度整体呈现波动性下降趋势,尤其2016年后显著降低,反映出我国VOCs防治的相关政策、法律法规和标准及技术对现阶段VOCs控制起到了显著成效.     

城市污水处理厂污水及污泥中典型药物及其代谢产物的定量检测

基于超声溶剂萃取、固相萃取和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（UPLC-MS/MS）,建立了一种适用于城市污水处理厂污水和污泥中2种典型药物（磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平）及其5种代谢产物的同步分析方法.污水样品添加硫酸酸化、Na₂EDTA络合金属离子后经固相萃取富集净化;污泥样品通过甲醇/0.2 mol·L^-1柠檬酸溶液（1：1,体积比）超声萃取后经固相萃取富集净化.采用UPLC-MS/MS电喷雾电离源在多反应监测模式下进行目标物的定量分析.结果表明,在优化条件下,7种目标物标准曲线的线性可决系数（R²）均大于0.99,方法回收率为74%~217%,日内与日间相对标准偏差稳定（RSD<20%）,污水定量限为0.17~2.42 ng·L^-1,污泥定量限为0.20~2.85 μg·kg^-1.将该方法成功应用于两家城市污水处理厂样品中,除N-AcSMX外其余6种目标物被检出,其在污水和污泥中的浓度分别为3.92（SMX-DG）~667（LCBZ）ng·L^-1和0.41（2OH-CBZ）~2.74（CBZ）μg·kg^-1.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.