热解工艺对污泥制备生物炭物理结构的影响

热解污泥制备生物炭是一种污泥资源化利用的主要处置方式,不同的反应条件对制得生物炭的品质存在显著的差异。以乙酸钾为添加剂,对城市脱水污泥(含水率80%)进行低温热解制备生物炭,考察了乙酸钾添加量、热解温度、热解停留时间及升温速率对生物炭性质的影响。通过N2吸附脱附、SEM、FT-IR等手段对原料污泥及生物炭进行了表征,实验结果表明,乙酸钾具有一定的扩孔作用,生物炭表面粗糙度明显增加,比表面积增大,吸附性能显著提高。当乙酸钾添加量4%,热解温度350℃,热解停留时间120 min,升温速率3℃·min~(-1)时生物炭的亚甲基蓝吸附量和比表面积分别为90.45 mg·g~(-1)、31.402 m2·g~(-1)。     

金属离子对松子壳水热碳化固体产物的影响

以废弃生物质松子壳为原料,利用水热碳化法在180~250℃下制备生物炭,考察添加金属离子(Ca~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Al~(3+)和Fe~(3+))对松子壳生物炭的影响。通过元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等技术对松子壳生物炭的结构进行了分析和表征。结果表明,4种金属离子均对松子壳水热碳化起到促进作用,金属离子的加入可在较低温度下得到具有较高碳含量及热值的生物炭。添加金属离子的水热炭化过程在180~230℃以脱水为主,伴随脱羧反应,在230~250℃以脱甲烷化为主。在4种金属离子中,Fe~(3+)对松子壳水热碳化的促进作用最大,温度180℃时,添加Fe~(3+)所得生物炭的碳含量和热值分别为66.59%和24.40 MJ·kg~(-1),是在纯水中180℃时生物炭的碳含量的1.29倍,热值的1.31倍。在扫描电镜中发现添加Fe~(3+)生成的生物炭出现的球形结构较多。通过调节温度以及添加适合的金属离子可实现对炭微球的粒径及数量的控制。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

废液晶显示器偏光片水热产乳酸研究

以废液晶显示面板中的偏光片为原料,对其进行水热产乳酸研究,并考察了反应温度(250～375℃)、反应时间(1～11min)以及氧化剂(体积分数为30％的H2O2)投加量(0～1.0 mL)对乳酸产率的影响.结果表明,反应温度、反应时间均会对偏光片水热产乳酸产生一定影响,乳酸产率随反应温度和反应时间的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,最佳水热条件为反应温度350℃,反应时间5 min,此时乳酸产率达17％左右.投加氧化剂能显著提高乳酸的产率,在最佳水热条件下,氧化剂投加量为0.6 mL时乳酸的产率可提高到21％.     

谷壳和柚子皮生物炭的制备及其对红壤重金属的稳定化效应

选取柚子皮和谷壳,在低氧控温条件下制备生物炭,研究柚子皮和谷壳生物炭的结构特征及其对红壤重金属的稳定化效果。结果表明,谷壳的热分解温度在260~355℃,该阶段失重率达44.2%,碳化温度在355~630℃,该阶段失重率为34.7%。柚子皮的热分解温度在180~430℃,该阶段失重率为65.4%,碳化温度在430~500℃,该阶段失重率为19.6%。在制备生物炭时,热解温度越高,获得的生物炭表面官能团含量越少,热解时间越长,生物炭表面官能团数相对越多。重金属稳定化实验发现,300℃制备的生物炭对铅镉稳定化效果总体优于500℃制备的生物炭;柚子皮生物炭对红壤镉的稳定化效果优于谷壳生物炭,两种生物炭对红壤铅镉的稳定化作用主要归因于生物炭表面酚醇羟基、甲基、亚甲基、羧羰基、酯基等官能团的化学吸附作用,表面物理吸附作用贡献较小。     

利用旋转炉热解城市污泥的产物特性

采用旋转管式加热炉实验台在惰性条件下对城市污泥进行了热解实验,系统研究了不同热解温度对气态产物和固态产物成分的影响。结果表明:污泥经热解后的产物在600℃时,比表面积最大值为158.02 m2/g,孔容最高为109.58 mm3/g。随着热解温度的升高,气态产物和液态产物的产率增加,而固态产物则减少。在热解温度450~750℃,热解产物中的固态产物产率由53.65%降至31.69%;气体产率从11.23%升至24.74%,其中H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_2H_6和C_2H_2占总气体的75%以上,H_2含量随着热解温度的升高而升高。热解气中小分子碳氢化合物含量较高,600℃时热解气体中含氢气体主要包括:H_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_3H_8、正丁烷(C_4H_(10))及C_2H_6等,其中H_2和CH_4含量分别为27.98%和23.63%。CH4、C3H8、C_4H_(10)等气体的含量随着热解温度的升高呈现先增后减趋势,且在600℃达到最大值,C_2H_2、C_2H_6在450℃时其浓度最高。随着热解温度的升高,N、C和H3种元素在热解固态产物中的质量分数呈明显下降的趋势。     

温度对畜禽粪便水热炭产率及特性的影响

以猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪3种畜禽粪便为原料制备水热炭,研究了温度对畜禽粪便水热炭产率及其特性的影响,着重分析了不同温度(140～220℃)下水热炭的产率、元素组成、碳保留量、官能团及重金属含量的变化。结果表明:畜禽粪便水热炭产率为48.8%～74.2%,且随着温度的升高其产率逐渐降低;此外,49.6%～82.1%的碳被保留在水热炭中,低温利于碳的保留。水热炭的H/C随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,但—OH峰逐渐减弱。畜禽粪便经过水热炭化后,其重金属含量均有不同程度的增加,其中Cu、Zn和Cd的含量超标。重金属元素的相对富集系数1,由此可见,重金属除了部分保留在水热炭中外,还有部分重金属进入到热解液态产物中。     

食用菌废菌棒热解的产物分布与机理解析

我国食用菌废菌棒产生量大,利用率低,对环境污染严重,需要妥善处理。为制备高品质能源,在500～800℃温度范围内快速热解废菌棒,分析产物特征,解析热解机理。热解温度从500℃上升到800℃时,废菌棒的热解气质量分数从18.44%上升到50.45%,焦油的质量分数从49.06%下降到23.72%,生物炭的质量分数维持在30%左右,废菌棒的质量减量化率超过2/3;同时,热解气中H_2、CO、CH_4含量均有上升,CO_2含量下降;焦油组分向更稳定的苯系物转变;生物炭炭化效果增强。研究结果表明,700℃为最佳热解温度,经过120 s即可反应完全。高温可以破坏羟基的结构,使其发生脱氢反应,碳氢键较早断裂,伯碳和仲碳大量裂解并迁移至焦油和热解气中,羰基在高温下迅速断链。     

不同热解温度下污泥基生物炭的性质及对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性

以市政污泥为原料,在300、500和700℃无氧气氛下热解制备污泥基生物炭,探讨不同热解温度对污泥基生物炭性质的影响,研究污泥基生物炭对水溶液中重金属Cd~(2+)的吸附特性。结果表明,随着热解温度升高,污泥基生物炭的产率降低,pH值增大,碳、氢、氧和氮含量降低,芳香化程度增强,亲水性和极性降低,稳定性增强;随热解温度的升高,比表面积不断增大,生物炭表面变得粗糙并且出现明显的孔隙,但平均孔径呈现先增大后减小。在700℃下制备的污泥基生物炭对水溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附效果优于其他制备温度下获得的生物炭,温度为298.15 K时,最大吸附容量为27.47 mg·g~(-1)。污泥基生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程模型,吸附速率主要由化学吸附控制。污泥基生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附表现为快速吸附过程,生物炭前10 min的吸附量超过饱和吸附量的80%。Langmuir吸附等温模型能很好的描述污泥基生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附行为,吸附容量随热解温度升高而增大。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.