资源型城市生态经济系统的能值分析

资源型城市是由于资源的开发而发展起来的特殊区域,是我国城市的重要类型之一。论述了用能量和货币评价资源型城市生态经济系统的不足;介绍了H.T.Odum的系统能值分析理论及能值分析方法的基本步骤和评价指标。最后以铜川市为例,对其生态经济系统进行分析与评价。结果表明：铜川市是资源输出型的生态经济区域,从1949年到2000年的51年间,铜川为外地输出了2 541亿元的财富;经济发展的主要驱动力首先是当地的不可更新资源,其次是从外 地输入的资源与产品,再次是当地的可更新资源;能值货币比值上升,能值利用强度下降,但仍然对资源深加工不够,技术水平较低;环境负荷不断增加,影响着城市的可持续发展;单位GDP废物排放能值下降,空气质量有所改善。     

区域可持续发展生态评估的能值分析研究进展与展望

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一，能值分析以能量为单位定量评估人类生态经济系统中各种生态流的可持续性，是一个重要的研究方向。尽管能值分析定量评价了自然环境资源对人类生态经济系统的贡献．克服了传统能量与经济分析方法的诸多缺憾，但在理论方法上仍存在不足之处。综合国内外区域能值分析的最新进展。能值转换率的确定、能值分析与空阃格局分析的整合、能值成本价值论与市场（使用）价值论的整合、可持续性阈值等问题将是下一步的研究重点。     

沼气农业复合生态系统能值分析

以沼气为纽带的农业综合利用系统对农村和偏远地区可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于能值流图和指标体系,构建了沼气农业复合生态系统的综合评价框架,并以国家沼气农业示范区广西恭城县为案例,分析养殖-沼气-种植"三位一体"典型沼气农业复合系统的能值投入产出量及其结构,利用能值系统结构功能指标对该系统进行经济生态多元分析,评估其投资率、产出率、环境压力以及可持续性等系统综合表现,并与国内外其他农业系统进行比较分析。系统投入结果表明,恭城县沼气农业复合系统总投入中人类经济反馈在系统中所占比例最大,可更新环境资源次之,其中又以肥料、农药和劳工与管理的投入最大;系统产出表明,目前仍以种植业和养殖业为主导,水产业相对薄弱,而新兴的沼气产业因其低耗高产的特点,发展势头良好;而能值系统结构功能指标表明该农业系统整体具有环境负荷低、产出效率高、可持续性强等优势。依照能值分析各项结果,本文对沼气农业系统优化配置和进一步推广应用提出了参考建议。     

基于能值分析的四川省生态经济系统可持续性评估

运用能值分析方法,对四川省1998～2003年生态经济系统的净能值产出率、能值投入率、能值利用强度、可持续发展指数等指标及其变化趋势进行了定量分析,并与其它国家和地区进行了比较分析。研究表明：①四川省的可持续发展指数曲线呈现先升后降趋势,波动在3.35～1.97之间,曲线的走势与能值/货币比率、人口承载力基本一致。表明四川省经济的发展在人口资源的压力下,仍处于依靠本地资源的欠发达不稳定阶段;②四川省1998～2003年的净能值产出率和能值投入率呈现相异的发展走势,表明资源的利用效率、经济活动的竞争力逐渐降低,而环境资源负载程度、能值使用强度逐渐增强,经济活动加剧;③1998～2003年四川省人均能值使用量总体稳定的上升趋势和电力等高能质能值的缓慢增长趋势,体现了四川省人民生活水准的提高,但相对发达国家和地区还有一定的差距,发展的空间还很大。     

基于能值分析的武穴市耕地利用效益时空特征分析

开展耕地利用效益评价,对实现农业生态文明和耕地高效持续利用具有指导意义。结合能值分析、自相关等方法,评价和分析了2002~2011年武穴市耕地利用效益的时空演变特征。结果表明:近10a来武穴市耕地利用效益的能值投入和产出处于上升趋势,增长速度分别达58.17%和61.29%;能值投入中工业能值所占比重最大,超过总量的70%以上,2011年达到82.17%;耕地集约度增加6.60×1015sej的同时环境压力也在变大,耕地环境负载率由2002年的2.88上升至2011年的4.61;农业生产能力和农民生活水平不断提高;空间自相关结果显示武穴市各乡镇单位面积耕地能值投入和产出具有较明显的东高—南低—西平的聚集特征。研究结果对优化武穴市农业生产物化投入结构、提高产出效果,实现耕地高效持续利用具有一定的指导意义。     

循环经济发展能值评价及实证研究

定量评价循环经济的发展水平是循环经济的一个基础理论课题,本文在辽宁省1996-2005的统计数据基础上,运用能值分析方法,从能值流量、能值经济、投入产出、环境压力和综合指数5个方面评价了辽宁省循环经济发展状况。研究结果表明,从总能值用量和能值密度的变化趋势来看,辽宁省经济发展水平较高,很大程度上依赖于不可更新的能源消耗。能值自给率和能值投资率的变化趋势说明,辽宁省自然资源相对丰富,经济发展的资源基础相对雄厚,经济的安全性较高,但对本地资源的依赖程度高,资源利用效率低,仍是一种高资源消耗型、粗放型的经济发展模式。因此,辽宁省循环经济发展的重点是不可更新资源的合理利用,目标是降低废弃物排放,加强资源的循环利用。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区农业循环经济发展综合评价

发展农业循环经济是鄱阳湖生态经济区建设的关键，农业循环经济发展的目标是实现农业生产经济效率和生态环境效率的双赢。应用DEA方法以评价循环农业发展的经济效率，采用农业生产的生态足迹以反映农业循环经济发展的生态效率。在此基础上，为同时体现农业循环经济发展的经济效率和生态效率，构造了区域农业循环经济发展评价的综合指数，并对鄱阳湖生态经济区的农业循环经济发展进行评价分析。结果表明，大部分地区存在农药化肥投入冗余、粮食单产不足以及农业生产的耕地足迹和牧草地足迹所占比重偏大等问题，为此必须在推广猪－沼－粮的同时，调整农业产业结构，着力发展猪（牛）－沼－果（渔）等循环农业模式，进而提高鄱阳湖生态经济区农业生产的投入产出效率，降低农业生产的生态占用     

江苏环境经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展对策研究

能值分析将自然资本的价值纳入人类社会环境经济系统评价范畴，解决了传统方法无法衡量自然资本服务价值对经济过程的影响问题。文章通过对江苏主要能值指标的分析，得出江苏环境经济系统近20年来的发展是不可持续的，并从能值分析角度提出实施江苏可持续发展的对策。     

生态足迹影响因子的定量分析

人口的膨胀和人类工业化进程的加剧，使得人类向自然界获取越来越多的资源，同时向环境源源不断的输入废弃物，已经严重超过了自然生态系统的供给能力和环境容量，生态环境日益恶化，水土流失、草场退化、植被消亡、生物多样性锐减、全球变暖等情况已经严重到难以遏制的地步，危及到人类自身的生存。在和平与发展成为世界两大主题的今天，人们越来越关注可持续发展的问题。在现有资料的基础上，利用主成分分析方法，定量地讨论了中国各省（区市）1999年生态足迹大小与其影响因子间的关系。结果表明，生态足迹的大小是各省（区市）的大中型企业个数、全社会固定生产投资等众多因子共同作用的结果，其中总人口和GDP是生态足迹大小的主要影响因子，其因子载荷量分别达到了0.940和0.913。值得一提的是非农业人口与生态足迹的相关系数超过了农业人口，这说明由于消费模式和生活水平等的差异，非农业人口对生态足迹的影响大于农业人口对生态足迹的影响。在此基础上建立了生态足迹影响因子的多元线性回归模型，以期为生态足迹在进行区域可持续发展评价的方法上提供新的思路。     

民族八省区城镇化发展质量研究

本文以2007-2014年民族八省区的相关社会经济统计数据为样本,基于柯布—道格拉斯的生产函数理论,将民族八省区的城镇化发展过程概括为各类资源要素投入进而得到相应产出的过程,运用数据包络分析方法,计算民族八省区城镇化发展质量的评价指数,进一步分析民族八省区城镇化发展质量水平。研究结果显示:民族八省区的城镇化发展质量评价指数区域间差异性显著,在时间序列上大部分省区呈现不同程度的下降趋势,云南、广西和贵州主要受资本和资源要素过度投入影响,近年来城镇化发展质量评价指数逐年下降;新疆和宁夏两省区主要受第二三产业从业人口外流影响,导致第二三产业地区生产总值增长缓慢,城镇化发展质量指数呈一定的下降趋势;通过优化路径分析,民族八省区城镇化发展的投入要素优化存在巨大空间。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.