2000年以来黑龙江省工业结构竞争力研究

从效益水平、高度水平、转换水平、科技水平四个方面构建了工业结构竞争力的综合评价指标体系,采用熵值法对2000-2007年的黑龙江省工业结构竞争力进行了综合测度.结果表明,影响黑龙江省工业结构竞争力的因素表现为多元化和均衡化,竞争力螺旋上升,以波动性强、子系统变化悬殊为主要特征,科技水平是竞争力得以提高的主要因素.在子系统中,效益和高度子系统具有较为明显的阶段性,转换子系统体现为不连续性,科技子系统则在稳步提高.分析表明,黑龙江省工业结构竟争力存在科技水平不高、结构转换能力不足、高度化水平低、工业经济区域发展不均衡、资源枯竭与工业发展矛盾日益突出等问题,在此基础上简要提出了对策.     

河北省大气污染状况分析及对策研究

不利的地理气象条件,产业、能源结构不合理,汽车尾气超标排放,城市扬尘严重,法规不健全及群众环保意识薄弱导致了河北省连续出现大范围、重污染、持续时间长的雾霾天气。为此,河北省采取了削减煤炭消费、产业结构转型升级、控制机动车污染、加强区域联防联控等治理措施。目前河北省治污仍面临着结构调整、经济方式转变历时长,资金和环境科技支撑能力不足,人员安置难等困难,建议通过实施京津冀生态文明建设一体化规划,借鉴欧美发达国家的先进经验,争取更多资源和资金支持来进一步提升治理效果。     

构建黑龙江省粮食利益补偿机制研究初探

黑龙江省是国家粮食主产区之一,近年来粮食生产取得了显著成效,然而,黑龙江省粮食主产区在自身区域经济发展中因政策性原因遭遇经济发展瓶颈。本文从分析保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的关系入手,论证了保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的对立统一关系,并着重分析了黑龙江省粮食主产区现在面临的区域经济发展窘境,结合十七届三中全会提出的加快实现粮食增产、农民增收、财力增强相协调,充分调动农民种粮、地方抓粮积极性的要求,提出了构建以粮食安全保障基金、商品粮调销补偿基金、耕地保护基金为主的黑龙江省粮食主产区利益补偿建议,最终实现保障国家粮食安全、富民增收、区域经济协调发展的目标。     

区域内高校国际科技合作开放度与科研绩效相关性分析

随着科技全球化的进一步深化,国际科技合作已成为提高全球范围内科技创新效益的重要推动力,促进了科技创新资源的有效配置,开拓了新的科学技术研究思路,推动产生了具有国际领先水平的科研成果,促进了科学技术的全面发展。高校作为科技创新的重要主体,应积极开展广泛的国际科技合作,提升其科研能力和综合竞争实力,建立具有国际化水平的一流大学。运用熵值法对区域内高校国际科技合作进行测度,比较不同区域内高校国际科技合作情况,探讨区域内高校国际科技合作开放度与科研绩效的相关性,为我国高校科研的国际化战略提供一定参考。     

深港边界工程环境影响评价的法律问题

一深圳和香港相毗邻,社会经济和自然环境也紧密相连,深圳河、深圳湾、大鹏湾等是两地的行政界限,也是连接两地自然环境的纽带,更是两地自然生态系统的重要环境区域,其中有极具生态价值的福田自然保护区和米埔一内深圳湾保护区等生态敏感地带,这些都是深港所共享的环境资源。深圳和香港都是我国经济增长最活跃的地区之一,城市的开发建设和工商业的高速发展给区域环境带来了很大压力,环境保护面临新的挑战。香港回归祖国后,粤港合作、深港合作已作为一项经济发展战略提出来。深港近期合作的内容主要包括四个方面：（１）口岸方面的合…     

基于河北省工业能源消费的河北省和北京市大气环境关联度研究

以河北省各工业行业为研究对象,选用灰色关联度模型研究了各工业行业能源消费对河北省和北京市大气环境的关联度。结果表明:工业污染具有空间传递效应;京津冀大气环境指标呈慢速波动式增长;原料和化学制品制造业、煤炭开采和洗选业对北京和河北两地的环境影响显著。为引导北京市和河北省工业和环境的协调发展,应加快建立高效的区域大气环境联防联控机制,制定区域工业行业环境治理标准,调整产业结构并进行产业的转移升级。     

浙、台海洋旅游研究动态及两岸旅游合作新思维

素有"中国东海明珠"之称的浙江和台湾两地,拥有丰富的海洋旅游资源、旺盛的市场需求和较好的海洋旅游发展基础,逐渐成长为中国海洋旅游的国际目的地。梳理国内外对浙江、台湾两地海洋旅游资源、海洋旅游产品等方面研究发现:1浙江、台湾两地海洋自然旅游资源大同小异,但海洋人文旅游资源差异很大;2台湾在开发海洋旅游产品时更注重对海洋生态的保护,倡导永续生态文化旅游模式;3两地的海洋旅游开发正热,但都未深入开发,多停留在"观光"阶段。分析了浙江、台湾两地海洋旅游合作优势、现状与困境,探讨浙江、台湾两地开展海洋旅游合作新路径与政策机制创新,提出浙、台两地海洋旅游发展的优化合作环境建议。     

基于城市体系的中部6省区域旅游合作研究

城市是区域经济发展的依托,区域旅游合作水平的高低同样与区域城市体系的发育程度紧密相关。以中部6省城市体系为构架,对中部6省省际间区域旅游合作进行了探讨,并从节点优化、线路组织、市场拓展等方面提出了6省间区域旅游合作的构想,以期为中部六省区域旅游合作程度的进一步加深提供一定的借鉴。     

黑龙江省煤炭资源开发中生态环境价值损失分析与测算

黑龙江省在煤炭资源开发过程中,对矿区的生态环境造成了巨大的破坏.针对黑龙江省四大煤城煤炭资源开采的生态环境损失问题,运用CVM法进行问卷调查收集数据,采用数据挖掘的方法分析了被调查者的属性与其支付意愿、支付额的关联关系,并进一步采用Tobit模型测算了四大煤城由于煤炭开采造成的生态环境价值损失.     

黑龙江省土地利用与生态环境协调度评价

土地利用与生态环境协调度评价是衡量区域可持续发展的重要内容.在构建土地利用与生态环境协调发展评价指标体系的基础上,运用协调度模型,对黑龙江省1999-2008年土地利用与生态环境协调度进行评价.结果表明:黑龙江省土地利用与生态环境协调度和协调发展度均呈现出逐渐上升的态势,但整体发展水平不高,土地生态环境建设压力仍然很大.在此基础上,提出构建生态环境友好型土地利用模式,提高科技投入水平,大力发展生态农业,有效防治工业污染,提高土地生态环境治理投入等对策与建议.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.