Polychlorinated biphenyls and omega-3 fatty acid exposure from fish consumption, and thyroid cancer among New York anglers

Fish from the Great Lakes contain polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)which have been shown to disrupt endocrine function and mimic thyroid hormones,but they also contain beneficial omega-3 fatty acids that may offer protection against endocrine cancers.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Lake Ontario fish consumption and the estimated consumption of PCBs and omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of thyroid cancer in a group of sport fishermen.Anglers from the New York State Angler Cohort Study were followed for cancer incidence from 1991–2008.Twenty-seven cases of incident thyroid cancer and 108 controls were included in the analyses.Total estimated fish consumption,estimated omega-3 fatty acid consumption,and estimated PCB consumption from Lake Ontario fish were examined for an association with the incidence of thyroid cancer,while matching on sex,and controlling for age and smoking status.Results from logistic regression indicate no significant associations between fish consumption,short-term estimated omega-3 fatty acids,or estimated PCB consumption from Great Lakes fish and the development of thyroid cancer,but it was suggested that long-term omega-3 fatty acid from Great Lakes fish may be protective of the development of thyroid cancer.In conclusion,fish consumption,with the possible concomitant PCBs,from the Great Lakes does not appear to increase the risk of thyroid cancer in New York anglers.Further research is needed in order to separate the individual health effects of PCBs from omega-3 fatty acids contained within the fish.     

香港周边海域野生鱼体内DDTs和PCBs的含量分布和食用风险评估

为研究香港周边海域鱼体内持久性有机污染物的污染水平、分布特征及其对当地居民的健康风险评估,采集了香港周边海域中31种野生鱼,分析鱼体中两类典型持久性有机污染物,如滴滴涕（DDTs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）.结果表明,香港周边海域野生鱼类DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为0.44~17 ng·g^-1和0.028~6.3 ng·g^-1,与国内外其他地方相比处于中低水平.在空间分布上,大屿山西部的鱼体内DDTs含量最低,而吐露港鱼体中PCBs含量最低.鱼类的生活环境及食性影响其在鱼体内DDTs与PCBs的富集程度.来源分析显示野生鱼体内DDTs来源主要为历史残留,迁徙的鱼类可能受沿海岸河口DDTs污染影响.此外,健康风险评估结果表明,香港青少年和成年人长期食用香港周边海域的鱼类可能会存在潜在的终生致癌风险.因此,香港当地居民应尽量减少对其周边海岸野生鱼类的摄入.     

电子废弃物拆解场多氯联苯含量及健康风险评价

选择我国典型的电子废弃物拆解场为研究对象,以拆解场各环境介质中PCBs浓度全面调查为基础,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)人体健康评价模型,结合问卷调查和实际测量修正暴露参数,对浙江台州拆解区人群(成人)进行健康风险评价.结果表明:拆解场大气和土壤中PCBs各同系物的浓度显著高于其他介质,经调查表明可能与拆解场直接焚烧、湿法酸洗工艺有关.多种暴露途径所导致拆解场成人PCBs污染总致癌风险为2.80×10-3,总非致癌风险为1.64×10-3,均超过了US EPA、ICRP等推荐的可接受的风险水平,其中经口暴露的致癌、非致癌风险最大,其次是呼吸暴露.进行敏感性分析表明:无论何种暴露途径,体重(BW)、呼吸速率(IR)、实测参数食物摄食(IR)、皮肤接触表面积(SA)和污染物实测浓度的致癌风险、非致癌风险绝对敏感性都较大.在健康风险评价时,需要对研究区人群暴露参数进行实地调查实测,以降低评价结果的不确定性.     

泉州湾食用鱼中有机氯农药和多氯联苯污染状况与食用安全性的研究

于2013年采集泉州湾海域10种食用鱼样品,分析其中的20种有机氯农药（OCPs）和28种多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量、组成、生物富集以及对人体健康的危害进行风险评估。结果显示,鱼体中OCPs和PCBs的浓度分别为（11.20~74.51）×10-9和（4.48~20.44）×10-9（湿重）,不同鱼种类中污染物含量差别较大,其中棱鮻和斑鰶体中OCPs和PCBs含量最高。鱼体中OCPs主要以DDTs为主,其他化合物含量均较低,且分子标志示踪来源显示,OCPs主要来源于历史残留;而PCBs主要以高氯代PCBs为主。泉州湾食用鱼对DDTs具有较强的富集能力;对PCBs的富集能力随着氯原子数的增加而增强,但氯原子数大于7时富集能力下降。评估显示,泉州湾鱼类体中PCBs的量可能会危及人体健康。并且,棱鮻、斑鰶、黄姑鱼、叫姑鱼、白姑鱼和四指马鲅的每日允许最大摄入量和每月最大允许餐数均低于安全阀值142.2 g/d和16餐/月,建议消费者不要过度食用这些海产品。     

鱼体内EROD活性对多氯联苯类的指示作用

运用鱼体肝脏中的EROD(7 ethoxyresorufin O deethylase)活性作为生态标记物 ,来指示大连近海部分水域的多氯联苯 (PCBs)类物质的污染状况。结果表明鱼体肝脏内的EROD活性可被PCBs诱导 ,导致活性异常增高 ,并与环境中特定污染物浓度之间存在着定量响应关系 ,EROD的这个特性可以用来评估海洋生态环境健康并作为预警指标。我们选取大连近海水域部分具有代表性的站位 ,分析测定其鱼样中EROD活性 ,并结合环境化学指标进行综合分析 ,证明将EROD作为指示多氯联苯类污染物的生态标记物是切实可行的 ,该方法在海洋环境监测中具有实际应用价值。     

Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon

Fish is an important constituent of the Lebanese diet. However, very little attention in our area is given to bring awareness regarding the effect of the toxicity of mercury (Hg) mainly through fish consumption. This study aimed to report analytical data on total mercury levels in several fish species for the first time in thirty years and to also made individuals aware of the presence and danger from exposure to mercury through fish consumption. Fish samples were selected from local Lebanese markets and fisheries and included 94 samples of which were fresh, frozen, processed, and canned fish. All values were reported as microgram of mercury per gram of fish based on wet weight. The level of mercury ranged from 0.0190 to 0.5700 μg/g in fresh samples, 0.0059 to 0.0665 μg/g in frozen samples, and 0.0305 to 0.1190 μg/g in canned samples. The data clearly showed that higher levels of mercury were detected in local fresh fish as opposed to other types thus placing consumers at higher risk from mercury exposure. Moreover, the data revealed that Mallifa (yellowstripe barracuda/Sphyraena chrysotaenia), Sargous (white seabream/Diplodus sargus), Ghobbos (bogue/Boops hoops), and shrimp (Penaeus sp.) were among the types containing the highest amounts of mercury. On the other hand, processed fish such as fish fillet, fish burger, small shrimp and crab are found to contain lower levels of mercury and are associated with lower exposure risks to mercury. Lebanese population should therefore, be aware to consume limited amounts of fresh local fish to minimize exposure to mercury.     

Trapp模型在典型区PCBs蔬菜吸收及人体健康风险评估中的应用

对某电子垃圾拆解地大气、土壤、蔬菜进行采样,分析其中PCBs的含量;根据获得的大气中气态及土壤中PCBs的含量,应用Trapp作物吸收模型对该地区叶菜类蔬菜中PCBs的含量进行模拟预测;根据模型机制,分析了叶菜类蔬菜中PCBs的来源、构成及影响蔬菜对PCBs吸收的因素;利用美国EPA人体健康风险评估方法,分析了环境中PCBs被蔬菜吸收后经食物链对人体健康的影响.结果表明,Trapp作物模型可较好地依据土壤及大气中PCBs含量预测叶菜类蔬菜中PCBs含量,实测值与预测值相近,蔬菜中7种PCBs总和实测值为51.2μg.kg-1,模型预测值为39.9μg.kg-1;大气中气态PCBs是叶菜类蔬菜中PCBs的主要来源,模型预测表明其贡献率高达98.8%;蔬菜吸收PCBs的途径、辛醇-水分配系数(Kow)及辛醇-大气分配系数(Koa)影响蔬菜中PCBs含量及构成比例;蔬菜吸收PCBs达到平衡所需时间与lgKow、lgKoa有很好的乘幂相关性,多元线性回归表明lgKoa是更重要的影响因素.大气气态PCBs被蔬菜吸收后对人体健康的致癌风险是气态PCBs的10 000多倍,非致癌风险则增加了近200倍,原因主要在于:一是蔬菜吸收、积累了空气中毒性更高的高氯代PCBs,经口摄入PCBs的毒性因子极大增加;二是成人每天食用蔬菜摄入PCBs的量相当于正常情况下成人通过呼吸空气摄入PCBs量的71倍多.     

Pollution level and human health risk assessment of some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nantong of Southeast China

Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.     

养殖鳜鱼体内典型有机氯化合物的检测与人体健康风险评估初探

利用GC-ECD检测了江苏省吴江市某养殖塘内的一批鳜鱼体内有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）等典型有机氯化合物（OCs）的含量水平,并对其人体健康风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,养殖鳜鱼体内滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.3～4.57、0.13～1.24、0...     

Complementary safeguards for robust regional watershed governance in a federation: New York City and its municipal water supply

In federations such as the United States, governments at various levels are experimenting with new watershed governance arrangements to protect water quality for both ecosystem health and human consumption. Such arrangements may bring previously uncooperative governments together to credibly commit to resource protection under the auspices of new and intricate formal institutions. Given the risks of cooperation, theory indicates that a robust arrangement will contain means of holding governing actors accountable to each other. This paper examines a purportedly successful case, the New York City watershed governance arrangement, to identify how safeguards against intergovernmental opportunism promote lasting cooperation. Using the qualitative method of process tracing, this paper finds that the New York City watershed governance arrangement uses structural, judicial, and popular safeguards against opportunistic behaviors by governing actors that might threaten the resource or the arrangement. The results indicate that such safeguards are present and interact with other safeguards and rule institutions at the state and federal level to maintain compliance.     

扬州市长江段不同水层中鱼类有机氯农药残留研究

鱼肉含有的蛋白质,脂肪,矿物质,维生素对人的健康起到重要的作用,因而被大多数人所青睐。由于有机氯农药具有较高的杀虫活性,曾被广泛使用。中国早已停产,但由于其性质稳定在自然界不易分解属于高残留农药,残留于植物中有机氯农药,可通过＂食物链＂或其他途径进入动物体内,鱼类也会受影响。本文根据淡水鱼在水中分布状况,选取了扬州市长江段生活在不同水层中三种鱼类为分析对象。选取容易富集有机氯农药的腹部肌肉为实验样品测定部位,采用加速溶剂萃取法前处理分析鱼肉中有机氯农药并对该分析方法进行完善,通过实验总结出能满足环境监测工作中对淡水河流中鱼类有机氯农药测定,并能及时掌握淡水鱼类中有机氯农药对人身健康状况的影响。     

浙江省制药行业典型挥发性有机物臭氧产生潜力分析及健康风险评价

以浙江省4类制药工艺8家大型制药企业排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)为基础,通过国际公认的臭氧产生潜力和健康风险评价指标对制药行业排放VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行了初步的评估.结果表明,制药行业排放VOCs的臭氧产生最大潜力介于16.1～79.2 mL.m-3之间,主要贡献物为乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲苯、二甲苯等9种物质,其中4种为VOCs排放特征中的主要污染物.另外,VOCs产生的健康危害主要是苯、环氧乙烷、甲醛及二氯甲烷这4种致癌物造成,占非致癌风险评估值的69%以上,占致癌风险值的100%.此外,通过对排放特征、臭氧产生潜力及健康风险评价比较发现,在制定VOCs排放标准时,特别是控制因子的筛选中不能忽视VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害.     

腐殖酸在去除水体和土壤中有机污染物的作用

本文叙述了腐殖质的结构及性质,并论述了其与有机污染物结合的特征,即通过疏水作用和氢键作用吸附有机污染物, 表现为增强有机污染物在水体中的溶解度,降低挥发度,增加光解速率以及改变生物可利用率和影响有机污染物毒性等.介绍了腐殖质在去除有机污染物技术中的应用,对染色污染物有较高的去除率,具有较高的净化效果.腐殖酸还可以通过提高PAHs的溶解性和加速PAHs对微生物的生物可利用性来加速PAHs的生物降解.腐殖质的存在可以增加PCBs的溶解性,增加特效菌在腐殖质不同比率的条件下对PCBs不同的接近程度.文章最后指出了腐殖质在今后环境保护领域的发展趋势和研究方向.     

Energy consumption in the Norwegian fisheries

Energy use is of great concern within fisheries, due to both associated environmental effects and the cost of fuel to fishermen. This article explores the scale of energy consumed by most segments of the Norwegian fishing fleet for gadoid fish and for parts of the pelagic fleet for the period 1980–2005. Fuel use is assigned to the different species caught and different fishing gears using economic and mass-based allocation, where data permit. Correlations between variations in energy use and changing catch rates, quotas and oil prices are found. Inverse correlations are found between fuel consumption per kilogram of fish and catch rates on a yearly basis and between fuel consumption and oil prices on a longer term basis. A long term trend towards increased fuel consumption and reduced real prices is observed from the mid 1980s until 2000. This may indicate that low fuel prices do not motivate the development of energy efficient technology in the long run. Increased fuel use may further be used as an indication of over fishing as the correlation between low catch rates and increased fuel consumption is rather strong. Possible means of reducing energy use and emissions are discussed including changing operational strategies, hull forms and the use of alternative energy carriers. A comparison with measures taken in connection with the previous oil crisis around 1980 is done.     

再生塑料袋包装食品对人体的健康风险评价

再生塑料袋由塑料废弃物经加工处理后制成,含有很多有毒有害物质。但由于其价格便宜,市场竞争力极大,在熟食包装市场上占据着很大的份额。文章运用美国的健康风险评价框架,设计了两种典型模拟场景试验,测试了不同颜色的再生塑料袋在一定条件下,有害物质在食品模拟物中的溶出量;并对食用再生塑料袋包装的食品可能给人体带来的健康风险进行了评价。美国EPA定义,致癌风险指数超过10-6时,会对人体健康产生致癌危害;非致癌风险指数超过1时,会对人体健康产生非致癌危害。根据评价结果,五种颜色的再生塑料袋均不存在致癌风险。对于非致癌风险,蓝色、黄色和和白色再生塑料袋的非致癌风险值均低于1,不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。而黑色和红色再生塑料袋中非致癌风险值和总风险值均超过临界值1,会对人体产生非致癌健康危害,其中红色再生塑料袋对人体的健康危害最大。     

七星河湿地水环境重金属污染特征与风险评价

为识别农业区湿地水环境中重金属的污染水平、空间分布特征和风险传递效应,采集了三江平原七星河湿地水体、沉积物和鱼类样品,并测定了Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni 5种重金属的含量。结果表明:水体和沉积物中重金属的平均含量由高到低依次为Zn （28.0） > Cr （4.5） > Cu （3.2） > Ni （2.6） > Cd （0.1）（水体,μg/L）和Zn （139.4） > Cr （81.9） > Ni （45.7） > Cu （24.4） > Cd （0.2）（沉积物,mg/kg）。水体中所有重金属含量均优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅰ类标准,而所有采样点沉积物中的Zn和Cd均超过黑龙江省土壤背景值（Zn:70.7 mg/kg;Cd:0.086 mg/kg）。除葛氏鲈塘鳢（Perccottus glenii）未检出Ni外,东北湖鱥（Phoxinus percnurus）和北方花鳅（Cobitis granoei）中5种重金属均有检出,且北方花鳅对Zn的富集已达到"中等富集"水平,鱼类样品中其他重金属均处于"低富集"状态。以水生生物允许限值和沉积物质量指南作为参考限值的单因子风险指数（CF）的计算结果表明,水体和沉积物中的Cr对水生生物构成了"高风险",且Cr对综合风险指数（PLI）的贡献最高。鱼类样品中5种重金属的目标危害系数（THQ）和综合危害指数（HI）均<1（Cr对HI的贡献率超过70%）,表明长期食用七星河湿地野生鱼类不会引起非致癌风险,但食用野生鱼类暴露Cd的癌症风险指数（CR）超过10-5,存在引发癌症风险的可能。     

我国西北工业区城市大气多氯联苯来源及健康风险

采用大气被动采样器观测了我国西北城市皋兰的城区和工业集中区2018年非取暖季和取暖季大气中18种多氯联苯（PCBs）的浓度及污染特征,并利用主成分分析、轨迹模型以及呼吸暴露模型对其污染来源和传输迁移、人群健康风险进行分析和评价.研究区大气PCBs浓度为110.2~429.9 pg·m^-3,平均污染程度工业园区较高;PCBs组成以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,并且取暖季四氯联苯所占比重明显上升.PCBs污染源以燃烧和工业热过程源、含PCBs电气设备源和PCBs混合源为主,燃烧和工业热过程源污染贡献高于其他污染源,污染贡献达到40.8%;研究区PCBs污染可能在较大程度上受到UP-PCBs排放的影响.轨迹分析表明研究区PCBs可能会通过大气输送至兰州城区;非取暖季研究区可能主要受局地污染的影响,而取暖季则可能会受到西北方向PCBs的污染输入.健康风险评价显示各年龄段人群大气PCBs暴露的非致癌风险水平较低,但终生致癌风险已超过10^-6水平.燃烧和热过程源PCBs排放对居民PCBs暴露有较强影响,且居民长期的PCBs呼吸暴露可能会对其健康产生不利影响.     

渤海湾海域10种鱼类中二（口恶）英类及指示性多氯联苯的污染特征研究及风险评价

多氯联苯(PCBs)具有高毒性和生物蓄积性,是列入公约优先控制的持久性有机污染物之一.多氯联苯在水生食物链中蓄积,同时人类食用鱼肉会对人体健康产生一定影响.近渤海地区具有焚烧、钢铁冶炼及水泥等PCBs非故意潜在排放源,而对此区域PCBs产生的环境污染及造成的人体健康效应的研究较少.本研究利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)首次对近渤海地区10种不同鱼类中的二噁英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)和指示性PCBs进行了分析.12种dl-PCBs的含量(以湿重计)为28.9~1067.6 pg·g-1,其中PCB-118和PCB-105是主要贡献单体,贡献率分别是41%~56%和15%~21%.指示性PCBs的浓度范围是185.5~8371.7 pg·g-1,其中PCB-153和PCB-138是主要的贡献单体,贡献率分别是27%和22%.与国内外其他海域的研究相比,近渤海区海水鱼中PCBs残留量处于较低水平,对人体产生健康风险比较小.     

上海地区肉类和鱼类食品中多氯联苯含量特征及其对人体的生物有效性

分析测定了上海地区居民经常食用的4种肉类、3种鱼类中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量与分布特征.同时,应用体外实验(invitrotest)模拟人体胃肠液,测定了PCBs对人体的生物有效性.结果表明,上海地区肉类和鱼类中PCBs含量在51.6～1206.4pg.g-1(以鲜重计)之间,与世界其他国家和地区相比属于较低水平,三～七氯代联苯占主要地位.不同食品中PCBs对人体的生物有效性不同,鱼类中PCBs的生物有效性要显著高于肉类,脂肪含量是重要决定因素之一.最后,结合上海市居民对这几种食品的人均摄入量,对该地区居民PCBs的日平均暴露量进行了评估.结果显示,通过肉类食品的日平均暴露量总和为738.7pg.d-1,而鱼类达到了6173.6pg.d-1,食用同等量的肉类和鱼类,食用鱼类PCBs对人体的暴露量是肉类的20倍.     

环境样品中多氯联苯的分析技术

作为一种持久性有机污染物,多氯联苯在地球上的分布十分广泛。然而由于多氯联苯在环境样品中残留浓度低、干扰物质多且组成复杂,必须对环境样品进行预处理。目前较为常用的含多氯联苯样品的前处理技术有：溶剂萃取技术、固相萃取技术、固相微萃取技术、超临界萃取技术、微波萃取技术和加速溶剂萃取技术等,分析经过技术处理以后的样品常用的方法有化学分析方法和生物分析方法,化学方法包括气相色谱法,气相色谱质谱分析法等;生物方法有生物传感器测定法、表面胞质团共振检测、以Ah受体为基础的生物分析法和酶联免疫检测法。中国在这方面的研究投入不够,应加大人力、财力和物力的支持,提高环境样品中多氯联苯的检测水平。