厌氧-好氧-缺氧短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺研究

构建了主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺,并在常温条件下用于生活污水的处理.研究发现,通过调节反应器内好氧区的pH(8.2～8.7)和溶解氧(DO为3～5mg·L-1)能实现该工艺的快速启动,在好氧区内实现亚硝酸盐的累积.在稳定运行期内,DO是影响短程硝化的主要影响因素,好氧1区DO控制在1.5～2.0mg·L-1,好氧2区DO控制在0.5～1.0mg·L-1,好氧区内亚硝酸盐氮累积浓度稳定在5～10mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达到90%以上.各反应单元内碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对除磷贡献的研究表明,该工艺的缺氧段实现了在不外加碳源的情况下以亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐共同作为电子受体的反硝化除磷,反硝化除磷量占系统总除磷量的80%以上.     

同步脱氮除磷新工艺处理校园生活污水

针对国内现行工艺氮磷去除不能兼顾的现实,采用活性污泥、生物膜组合系统(活性污泥、生物膜培养采用原水→配水→待处理废水逐级诱导培养获得单池相对纯净的生物相.避免了硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾,利用反硝化聚磷"一碳两用"缓解了碳源竞争问题),并采用独特的聚磷污泥回流方式使全部聚磷菌污泥经历释磷、聚磷循环,克服了水体中氮磷去除不能兼顾的问题.运行结果表明,该工艺对校园生活污水有良好的处理效果.当进水的CODCr、NH 4-N、TN、PO3-4-P的平均浓度为349.84mg·L-1、32.28mg·L-1、35.76mg·L-1、6.45mg·L-1时,出水平均浓度为14.77mg·L-1、1.46mg·L-1、5.48mg·L-1、0.63mg·L-1,平均去除率分别为95.7%、95.12%、84.45%、92.01%.长期的运行表明此工艺对氮磷有稳定的去除效果,出水水质满足国家<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002一级B标准)要求.     

高氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮

采用"两级UASB-缺氧-好氧系统"处理高COD与高NH4 -N的城市生活垃圾渗滤液.180天的试验结果表明:UASB1(一级UASB)与UASB2(二级UASB)最大COD去除速率分别为12.5、8.5 kg·m-3·d-1,UASB1的NOx--N的最大去除速率为3.0 kg·m-3·d-1.系统COD去除率为80%～92%,出水COD为800～1500 mg·L-1.原渗滤液的NH 4-N为1100～2000 mg·L-1,A/O工艺的最大NH4 -N去除速率为0.68kg·m-3·d-1;在17～30℃,通过NO-2-N累积率为90%～99%的短程硝化,NH4 -N的去除率在99%左右,出水NH4 -N小于15 mg·L-1.回流处理水和二沉池回流污泥中的NOx--N分别在UASB1和A/O工艺的缺氧段实现完全反硝化,使系统无机氮TIN去除率达80%～92%.同时高效的反硝化为硝化提供了充足的碱度,使A/O工艺pH大于8.5,维持较高的游离氨浓度,结果表明,高游离氨(FA)是导致短程硝化的主要因素.以pH作为控制参数调控A/O工艺的曝气时间,可以有效的抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的增长,实现种群优化和稳定的短程硝化.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

同步硝化反硝化影响因素的研究

试验采用改良SBR工艺处理人工模拟生活废水,研究不同的C/N,DO和好氧区与缺氧厌氧区体积比对同步硝化反硝化的影响,结果表明:C/N为12,ρ(DO)为1.0～2.0mg·L-1、好氧区与缺氧厌氧区体积比为1∶1时,反应器内高效稳定地实现了同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程。     

生物活性炭处理循环水产养殖废水及其影响因子研究

通过现场中试研究了生物活性炭（BAC）处理循环水产养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和COD的效果,考察了运行条件对硝化反硝化的影响.中试运行条件：滤速4m·h-1,水温22℃,pH7.21～7.65.在BAC进水溶解氧10.4～15.1mg·L-1、氨氮2.34～4.01mg·L-1、亚硝酸盐氮0.83～1.67mg·...     

交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮Ⅱ.过程控制模式的确定

对交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺中曝气和搅拌时间的控制模式进一步研究 .结果表明 ,ORP(氧化还原电位 )和pH的一阶和二阶导数变化可以作为控制交替好氧和缺氧运行方式的过程控制参数 .在此基础上 ,建立了控制交替好氧和缺氧时间的过程控制模式 .按照所建立的过程控制模式对进水COD、氨氮和总氮浓度分别为 194 5 5～ 92 4 90mg·L-1,2 5 6 8～ 81 4 8mg·L-1和 36 4 6～ 90 5 5mg·L-1.的废水实施交替好氧 缺氧控制 ,经过 2个月的运行 ,COD、氨氮和总氮的下降率和去除率仍然保持在 90 % ,99%和 92 % .因此 ,交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺控制模式是可行的 ,它不但科学地分配了好氧和缺氧时间 ,提高了反应速率 ,而且为最终实现该工艺的模糊控制奠定了理论基础     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器内同步短程硝化反硝化的控制

在序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)内,对进水COD较低的条件下,模拟生活污水的亚硝化及脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,缺氧时间、进水COD、NH44 -N浓度、pH值以及溶解氧对亚硝化过程有明显影响.在进水COD为100mg·L-1NH4 4-N浓度为50mg·L-1时,调控溶解氧、pH,出水的亚硝化率可到99.7%,总氮去除率可达66.4%,表明系统中发生了同步短程硝化反硝化.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.