从农业气候条件看我国北方原始农业的衰落与农牧交错带的形成

我国北方农牧交错带地区曾经是发达的原始农业区,农牧交错带的形成是该地区原始农业文化衰落、牧业文化兴起的产物。本文的分析表明,标志全新世暖期结束的气候变化事件所导致的农业气候资源条件的变化是原始农业文化衰落、农牧交错带形成的原因。     

我国农村生产方式的特征及其对农村环境影响分析

当前,我国农村生产方式呈现出以下特征：农民群体兼业化和跨区域转移;传统农业生产方式与现代的农业生产要素相结合;土地细分和农业生产的内向型的规模扩大并存;乡镇企业的快速发展以及与农业趋向分离。我国目前所特有的农村生产方式对农村环境影响深远。     

Eco-environment contribution of agroforestry to agriculture development in the plain area of China--Huai''an Prefecture, Jiangsu Province as the case study area

For improving the environmental quality and ensuring supply of wood and non-timber forest products, many forests have been planted in plain areas of China. Scientists have studied their benefits, almost all of the approaches were based on tixed-point data, and few was considered on the non-efficient factors and temporal scale effects. This paper studies the positive and negative benefits at a large temporal scale, and the effects of plain afforestation on stockbreeding and rural economy. The benefits of plain afforestation, correlation coefficiency of agroforestry and production factors are analyzed via stochastic frontier modeling in Huanghuaihai Plain Area of China; elastic coefficient of agroforestry, husbandry, farming, and total output of agricultural sector are calculated through adopting partial differential equation. Some conclusions can be drawn that, plain forests have an important effect on the development of plain agriculture. But shelterbelts and small-soale forests have different effect on the development of agricultural economy. Shelterbelts have negative effect on the industries, but small-soale forest has positive effect. On the whole, contribution of forest resource to value of animal husbandry and gross production value of agriculture is positive, and to the value of farming is negative.     

Eco-environment contribution of agroforestry to agriculture development in the plain area of China—Huai''''an Prefecture, Jiangsu Province as the case study area

IntroductionSincethe 195 0s ,manyforestshavebeenplantedintheplainareasofChinafortheimprovementoftheenvironmentalqualityandensuringthesupplyofwoodandnon timberforestproducts.Forestrydevelopmenthasplayedanimportantroleinadjustingtheruraleconomicstructure ,i…     

Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems

Compared to modern, conventional agriculture, alternative agricultural production systems may rely on biologically different mechanisms (syndromes) to attain similar production goals. Yield loss to rice in conventional and natural farming rice paddies in Japan was evaluated by simulated injury (leaf-clipping) and monitoring plants damaged by insect herbivores. Rice grown under natural farming practices was more tolerant of simulated injury and injury from Oulema oryzae than rice grown under conventional practices. Natural farming rice retained proportionately more tillers and had a higher proportion of mature seeds than conventionally grown rice. In conventional paddies, the simulated injury may have made the rice plants more susceptible to plant pathogens than their non-injured counterparts, resulting in higher disease attack and proportionately greater yield loss. These results suggest that, pests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss.     

基于Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型的中国农业增长的演进特征

论文基于偏离-份额法的Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型,从份额分量、结构分量、净竞争分量和资源配置分量4方面系统研究了1985—2014年间中国农业生产规模及结构的演进特征。结果表明：1）研究期间,中国农业增加值呈现阶段式增长,种植业和牧业是导致农业增长的主要产业,黄淮海区和长江中下游区是全国农业增长的主要区域。2）八大粮食生产区农业产业份额分量均表现出先剧烈波动、后稳步增长的发展态势;各区域产业结构优势总体较弱且进一步下降;净竞争分量变化具有波动性,种植业、渔业促进区域农业总体竞争力的作用增强,林业和牧业的促进作用减弱;种植业和林业改善区域农业资源配置效应的作用增强,牧业和渔业则相对减弱。3）建议各区域结合产业发展优势,制定相关政策加强区域资源整合、农产品流通与技术合作,促进地区农业稳定发展。研究结果可为我国农业生产结构优化及差异化的发展策略制定提供依据。     

Agricultural sustainability in a sensitive environment--a case analysis of Loess Plateau in China

Loess Plateau,an arid and semi-arid region in Northwest China,is well-known for its most serious soil erosion in terms of sediment yield each year.Soil erosion,which is intensified by agricultural activities,is the major factor influencing sustainable agriculture development in this region.It reduces productivity by removing nutrients and especially reducing water availability that is essential for crop production in the area.It also brings about off-site costs by demanding more efforts for maintenance of banks and dame along Yellow River through raising the riverbed with sediment.Climate is capricious and extreme weather conditions occur frequently,which impairs normal agricultural production with erosion and also decrease of water availability.Extensive way of farming still dominates on the Loess Plateau,which canot produce satisfying economic results and needs to be improved or altered.Conventional agricultural production pattern needs to be reconsidered for husbandry has not been granted its due position.Agriculture is the backbone of economy.Poor agricultural production impedes economic development and vice versa,backward economy also influences the advancement of agriculture.Besides a large population,education status of farmers is another threshold that requires being resolved for a sustainable agriculture.Although conventional agriculture has been practiced there for more than 5000years,now it cannot meet the demand for food and fiber by the increasing population and some of its farming practices are contributing to environmental degradation directly or indirectly and can sustain no longer.Agriculture on Loess Plateau needs to find its own way of sustainability.To work toward a sustainable agriculture,chances and challenges both indwell on Loess Plateau.     

2株芽孢杆菌利用不同碳源生产絮凝剂的研究

探讨了在纯培养和混合培养的条件下,2株芽孢杆菌F2和F6生产高效絮凝剂过程中对碳源的利用情况.研究表明,多种分子量在200以下的有机物能够作为碳源用于高效絮凝剂的生产,包括:单糖、双糖、醇、有机酸和酯类等,具有一定的普适性.发现利用废糖蜜、生物制氢废液和纤维素糖化液等廉价的生物质废料能够生产出性能良好的生物絮凝剂.     

种植业面源污染防控技术发展历程分析及趋势预测

种植业对农业面源污染贡献不容小觑.已有治理技术并不在少数,但受技术参数模糊和技术应用效果不明朗等因素的影响,现阶段技术应用和污染治理效果不理想.对此,本研究基于近20年国内外种植业面源污染防控的发表论文,明确种植业面源污染防治技术的体系框架,梳理技术的发展历程,比较不同方向技术对生产投入、产量及污染物排放的作用效果,对新时期下我国植业面源污染防控的发展前沿趋势作出预判.本研究构建了源头削减、过程拦截和养分回用这3个领域以及栽培、生态沟渠和尾/废水等14个方向的技术体系.结果发现,源头削减领域获得了最高关注度,研究方向多且热度仍在不断提升;我国对其中肥料方向技术的研究集中度较高.相比之下,过程拦截和养分回用领域的技术较为单一和欠缺.养分利用效率提升、转运过程调控和土壤添加剂使用将是种植业面源污染防控未来的主要着力点和抓手.农田基础设施的配套及后端净化体系的构建,将有助于集成、耦合多领域技术,进一步确保种植业面源污染防控的作用效果.     

我国燃料乙醇的生产潜力与发展对策研究

论文测算了我国能源作物和农林废弃物等原料的燃料乙醇转化潜力,发现2015-2030年我国燃料乙醇的理论生产能力将从6 364×10⁴ t 增长到1.18×10⁸ t,可行的产量水平将在1 387.9×10⁴ t 以上。如果能实现这一产量,将在很大程度上缓解我国的石油供求矛盾。今后提高燃料乙醇生产能力的可行策略主要有以下方面：加强边际土地资源评估和开发,促进能源作物的规模化利用,通过利益引导加强秸秆能源化利用,延长林木采伐加工产业链,在农村地区发展沼气等新型能源替代薪柴。     

市县“双评价”中优势农业空间划定研究：理论、方法和案例

我国城镇化迅速蚕食宝贵的耕地资源和乡村聚落,保护基本农田、保护乡村、保护农业空间的需求迫在眉睫。新一轮市县国土空间规划“双评价”中,针对“农业空间”只重视基本农田和粮食生产的不足,旨在构建“优势农业空间”划定的理论框架和技术方法,为保护农林牧副渔大农业空间、全农业领域生产者和特色、重点农村地区奠定基础。（1）在生态保护极重要区以外,开展全域、全要素的种植业、畜牧业、渔业生产适宜性评价,识别农业生产适宜区和不适宜区;（2）基于高产稳产、规模经营和集中连片三原则,进一步细化评价重要经济作物适宜区、地域特色农产品适宜区等;（3）在此基础上,结合特色村落、重大农业基础设施要素识别优势农业空间。该技术框架在沈阳和温州市县“双评价”中取得了科学实用的评价成果,为我国正在展开的国土空间规划提供了科学支撑。     

SWAT模型在洱海流域面源污染评价中的应用

重点污染区域和污染因子的识别是面源污染控制的基础. 通过将物理过程模拟及排污系数法计算进行整合,建立了SWAT模型,以描述农业生产活动与污染入湖量之间的关联关系,并以云南洱海流域总氮污染为例,使用验证后的SWAT模型模拟计算不同空间单元和不同农业生产活动对入湖TN的污染贡献系数,定量分析流域内各区域的农业面源污染源结构,识别洱海流域重点农业污染源和农业污染村镇. 结果表明,奶牛养殖、生猪养殖和大蒜种植是目前洱海流域内入湖TN污染的最重要农业污染源,占流域总污染负荷的66.12%. 对入湖TN污染贡献最大的6个村镇为江尾、右所、三营、玉湖、凤仪和喜洲,占流域总污染负荷的63.41%.      

白腐真菌对染料的脱色与降解

利用白腐真菌对染料脱色和降解的过程机理及影响因素进行了较为系统的介绍,结果认为,白腐真菌对染料的脱色及降解作用可能主要是由于其在次生代谢阶段产生的木质素过氧化酶LIPs和锰过氧化酶MnPs所致。在培养基中加入黎芦醇等能够显著提高LIPs的产生;富氮培养基会抑制LIPs的生成;缓冲液的选择对维持适宜的pH值和菌丝的形态有一定作用,从而影响其脱色效果;富氧环境是一切白腐真菌对染料进行脱色和降解的必要条件;适度的搅拌混合有利于反应时的物质之间传递;一般地,在培养时间达到3d以后白腐真菌才能达到较高的脱色与降解活性。染料分子大小和结构及其基团的位置对脱色及降解效果有明显影响。使用特殊填料来提高处理系统中的生物量以克服真菌生长速度相对较慢,提高处理能力是该技术今后的研究重点。     

Selenium in agriculture and the environment

Selenium occurs naturally in the soil environment in amounts which may cause nutritional toxicity or deficiency to livestock in areas throughout the world. Normal soils contain between 0.1 and 2.0 μg g^?1 selenium compared with 30–324 μg g^?1 (dry weight) or above from a seleniferous area. Plant selenium concentrations can generally be used as an indicator of the soil selenium status. Selenium accumulator plants may contain thousands of μg g^?1 selenium and grow healthily on highly seleniferous soils. Most plants contain small amounts of selenium; less than 1 μg g^?1 when growing on normal soils. A third group of plants, containing large amounts of sulphur, contain higher amounts of selenium when growing on normal soils.Animals consuming plants containing unusually small or large amounts of selenium over a prolonged period may develop nutritional selenium disorders. Development of sensitive analytical techniques has permitted detection of the very low amounts of selenium present in livestock suffering from selenium deficiency and associated problems. Required amounts of selenium necessary for animal nutrition range from 0.04 to 0.10 μg g^?1 depending on the animal species and the level of vitamin E in the diet. Amounts of selenium causing nutritional toxicity are usually an order of magnitude higher than those producing deficiency.Factors affecting selenium absorption in animals include the form of selenium in the diet and the type of animal. Ruminants moderate their dietary intake by reducing selenium to insoluble forms, which they excrete. Monogastric animals, by contrast, may absorb up to 80% or more of their dietary selenium intake, depending on its biological availability.Although there are areas where livestock poisoning occurs, much evidence has been accumulated to indicate that agricultural livestock is deficient, or bordering on selenium deficiency, in many areas of the world. Overt selenium deficiency in man has been reported in China, indicating the possibility of widespread non-overt sub-clinical selenium deficiency in humans. No definite evidence for human selenium toxicity has been reported.Although anthropogenic selenium contributes to the total selenium in the soil environment, most of it is biologically unavailable. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi reduce biologically available selenium to elemental insoluble forms, whilst others produce volatile organic forms of selenium which are lost to the atmosphere. Some bacteria are able to oxidise colloidal selenium so that it becomes biologically available. Whether the overall amount of biologically available selenium is increasing or decreasing in the soil environment is of vital consequence to agricultural productivity. It is recommended that work should be carried out to quantify amounts of available selenium that are lost from soil systems, and to identify the forms and amounts of selenium that enter the soil environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. Tests to indicate the presence of non-overt selenium deficiency in animals, such as blood selenium measurements, are recommended for areas under suspicion from soil and crop analyses.     

非农就业与土地流转对农户耕地撂荒行为的影响——以闽赣湘山区为例

耕地撂荒是世界各国长期普遍存在的一种土地利用变化现象。基于闽赣湘山区640户农户调查数据,运用Tobit和IV-Tobit模型回归分析得出：农户家庭非农就业每提升10%,耕地撂荒占比会增加1.11%;小规模农户土地转入会提升其耕地撂荒规模,此时扩大经营规模对耕地撂荒的减缓作用甚微,而土地转出会降低非农就业对耕地撂荒的正向影响。此外,农户的劳动力、土地与农业机械等要素投入,以及灌溉条件和地块数等均稳健影响其耕地撂荒行为。农业机械化和土地流转是缓解山区耕地撂荒的重要举措,政府在推动经营规模扩大的同时,应着重提高地块规模,鼓励留村务农劳动力换工,并提升农机社会化服务水平,以及拓宽农户家庭多元化的收入机会。     

Agriculture sustainability in a sensitive environment--a case analysis of Loess Plateau in China

Loess Plateau, an arid and semi-arid region in Northwest China, is well-known for its most serious soil erosion in terms of sediment yield each year. Soil erosion, which is intensified by agricultural activities, is the major factor influencing sustainable agriculture development in this region. It reduces productivity by removing nutrients and especially reducing water availability that is essential for crop production in the area. It also brings about off-site costs by demanding more efforts for maintenance of banks and dams along Yellow River through raising the riverbed with sediment. Climate is capricious and extreme weather conditions occur frequently, which impairs normal agricultural production with erosion and also decrease of water availability. Extensive way of farming still dominates on the Loess Plateau, which cannot produce satisfying economic results and needs to be improved or altered. Conventional agricultural production pattern needs to be reconsidered for husbandry has not been granted its due position. Agriculture is the backbone of economy. Poor agricultural production impedes economic development and vice versa, backward economy also influences the advancement of agriculture. Besides a large population, education status of farmers is another threshold that requires being resolved for a sustainable agriculture.Although conventional agriculture has been practiced there for more than 5000 years, now it cannot meet the demand for food and fiber by the increasing population and some of its farming practices are contributing to environmental degradation directly or indirectly and can sustain no longer. Agriculture on Loess Plateau needs to find its own way of sustainability. To work toward a sustainable agriculture, chances and challenges both indwell on Loess Plateau.     

大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状及防治措施

通过对大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状的调查研究,提出减轻农业面源污染的具体防治措施,即采用培育生物天敌、控制农药使用量、水田改为旱田和控制灌溉水的方法控制氮磷流失,从而保护水源地生态环境。     

农户家庭耕地利用的功能异质性及个体差异评价——以湖北省典型地区为实例

以湖北省重点开发区、农产品主产区及生态功能区等典型地区为实证,利用基于熵权的TOPSIS模型对农户家庭耕地利用功能及贡献度进行评价,结合农户兼业类型与耕地资源禀赋状况分析农户耕地利用功能指标强弱及个体差异。研究表明：1）农户家庭耕地利用功能的强弱依次为：经济贡献功能>养老就业功能>选择馈赠功能>食物生产功能>生态保障功能。其中,重点开发区和生态功能区的农户尤其注重经济贡献功能,农产品主产区农户偏重养老就业功能。2）从农户兼业情况来看,纯农户和非农户重视养老就业功能,兼业农户强化经济贡献功能。建议建立耕地多功能管理体系,深化以主体功能区为导向的管理机制,转变传统单一的耕地保护模式,根据农户家庭耕地利用特征协调主体功能区经济发展目标与耕地保护管理决策的关系。     

Comparative studies on the soil life in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands of Austria

The soil fauna of ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands was investigated in various regions of Austria. The results obtained from the evaluation of a total of 13 paired sites are reviewed in this contribution: (1) many of the investigated soil zoological parameters do not differ statistically in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands; (2) there are no striking differences in species composition and dominance structure of the protozoa, an important group of indicator organisms due to their delicate external membranes, their short generation time and their high contribution to energy flow and nutrient cycling; (3) all differences which can be guaranteed with an error probability of α = 10% or less invariably show higher biological activity in the ecofarmed plots. The soil physical and chemical investigations which accompanied the zoological studies on some sites indicate that the higher biological activity is caused by the higher humus content and the lower soil compaction. The organic matter content is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots, whereas soil compaction is more pronounced under conventional cultivation; (4) conventional agriculture has a more detrimental effect on soil fauna in semi-arid regions without stockfarming than in atlantic regions with mixed husbandry. A short review of the literature shows our results to be consistent with those of other studies. It is increasingly evident that generalizations like ‘Conventional farming destroys life in the soil’ or ‘Ecofarming stimulates soil life’ are only partially supported by the available data. A far more comprehensive view taking into account especially climate, soil type and farm management is necessary. However, the discernible detrimental effects on the soil organisms caused by conventional farming call for serious consideration and ought to stimulate the development of soft agricultural technology and intensified soil biological research. Future research should include studies on productivity of soil animals under various management systems, the analysis of single factors (e.g. the special admixtures used in biodynamic farming) to elucidate causative mechanisms, and studies on the relationship between soil animals, crop production and sustained yield.     

Crop damage by urban environment in Malaysia

Environmental pollutants are causing worldwide damage to plants, forests and crop production, among which, gaseous and particulate metal pollutants from heavy industries in many developed countries are of major concern. Many of these pollutants kill plants, cause stunted growth and premature aging, inhibit flowering and fruiting, cause a reduction in dry matter, and thereby results in a great reduction in crop production in many countries. This paper describes how an urban environment in Malaysia which is an agricultural based country affects plant growth and crop production.