空间数据挖掘的应用技术

空间数据挖掘技术是数据挖掘技术与空间数据库技术的融合,在GIS遥感、图像数据库、医疗影像处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。基于空间数据挖掘的特点,论述了其在GIS中的应用,指出了空间数据挖掘面临的问题,并阐述了空间数据挖掘的发展趋势。     

基于GIS技术的安徽省城市旅游空间关联分析

运用空间相互作用理论中的威尔逊模型,结合GIS中网络分析技术和空间自相关分析对安徽省17个城市的旅游空间关联进行分析。结果发现,安徽省的全局旅游关联显著性水平不高,全省旅游空间关联度很低;而局部旅游空间关联在黄山和池州形成热点区,在皖北和皖中的巢湖、滁州形成冷点区,其他城市的旅游空间关联呈现明显的差异性。计算结果表明,对旅游空间关联影响最大的指标是城市旅游供给量,因此增强城市的旅游供给水平对增强旅游吸引力具有决定性的意义。     

基于GIS的武汉城市圈常住人口空间分布研究

结合人口普查数据和GIS手段，系统分析了20世纪90年代以来武汉城市圈常住人口空间分布现状特征，揭示了基于圈层法和方向法的空间分布演变趋势，并从政策、经济、人口迁移、交通方面剖析了导致变化的驱动力因素。     

基于空间景观格局的区域耕地坡度分级量算工艺流程及应用——以大连市甘井子区为例

分析了大连市甘井子区1∶1万土地利用数据库中耕地图斑的空间景观格局,探讨大连市甘井子区耕地图斑坡度级与DEM尺度的关系,提出GIS结合DEM的区域耕地图斑坡度级量算的工艺流程,并通过GIS程序设计实现区域耕地坡度级的自动提取.通过耕地图斑的坡度级有效测算田坎系数和耕地图斑的净面积,为大连市甘井子区第二次土地耕地数据库提供科学依据,也为大连市甘井子区耕地保护、耕地潜力分析和生态环境保护提供空间决策支持.     

上海市ATM机空间分布特征与机制

自我国加入WTO后,上海市银行业发展迅速,国外大型银行开始进入上海市场,中资银行与外资银行竞争激烈.以上海市ATM机空间分布的点数据为基础,基于GIS空间分析模块与空间统计模块,运用K函数分析方法、核密度估计法分析了上海市ATM机空间布局特征及其形成机制,并归纳总结其空间分布的基本模式.研究发现,ATM机分布具有显著的集聚趋势,呈现出单核心—边缘结构特征,中心城区与陆家嘴金融贸易区是样本密度最大区域,其空间分布受商业活动、公共场所、交通等城市要素影响.     

长江经济带制造业高质量发展空间关联结构及其效应研究

基于新发展理念构建制造业高质量发展综合评价体系,运用熵值—TOPSIS模型测度综合指数,结合修正后引力模型与社会网络分析法,对长江经济带制造业高质量发展空间关联结构及其效应进行实证研究。结果表明：(1)长江经济带制造业高质量发展存在显著的空间分异及非均衡分布特征。(2)空间关联结构由“单节点发展模式”演化为“点轴发展模式”,空间溢出效应和辐射带动效应显著。(3)整体网络特征向网状化、稠密化、纵深化发展;个体网络特征显示,上海、南京、苏州等城市为核心扩散点,网络向均衡化和片区化发展,且形成了“由东向西扩展,由沿海向内陆延伸”的“核心-半边缘-边缘”结构特征。(4)时空距离、社会消费品零售总额、制造业从业人员数差异是影响长江经济带制造业高质量发展空间关联结构特征的重要因素。     

GIS在水污染控制中的研究与探讨

地理信息系统(GIS)是专门用于地理空间信息处理和管理的计算机技术系统，造成城市水污染的污染源及其相关数据均具有空间分布特性，这决定了GIS可在该领域发挥重要作用。GIS能支持与水环境有关的地理空间数据的获取、管理、分析、模拟和显示，以解决复杂的水环境综合治理问题和水污染控制问题；同时，建立完善的空间数据库和属性数据库，为环境保护部门和科研部门提供研究与决策支持。本文就GIS在水污染控制这一领域的应用做一定探讨。     

20年来安徽省人口时空分布特征分析

在GIS技术支持下,建立安徽省人口地理数据库,使用密度分析法、重心分析法和空间自相关分析法对安徽省1990—2012年人口时空分布特征进行了分析。结果显示,全省人口密度总体上呈由北向南递减分布格局,皖北地区人口密度呈增加趋势,皖南人口密度相对稳定,人口重心位于几何重心的西北方向,20年来人口重心从长丰县沿西北方向移动到寿县境内。全省各县(市)人口密度存在空间正相关性,且随时间推移逐渐减弱。     

基于GIS的芜湖城市绿地空间格局特征分析

运用景观生态学的原理与方法,基于GIS技术对芜湖市绿地空间格局特征进行了分析.结果表明,芜湖市绿地景观多样性指数为1.1556、优势度为3.4775、均匀度为0.4977、破碎度为0.4046;城市绿地系统内部景观多样性偏低,优势度明显,类型分布不均,城市绿地生态功能较弱,易受人类活动影响,总体绿地空间布局有待改善.     

基于GIS的城市SEE信息查询系统研究

基于数字城市的理念,将信息技术和社会经济环境(SEE)问题结合起来,将GIS与网络技术相结合,基于GIS空间分析功能中的空间查询和量算功能,提出了城市SEE信息查询系统的框架,实现了城市生态环境及可持续发展基础信息的整理。     

基于WebGIS构建突发公共卫生事件应急指挥系统——以成都市为例

分析了成都市突发公共卫生事件应急指挥信息系统的需求，阐述了如何基于数字城市空间信息基础设施，利用网络地理信息系统技术（WebGIS）来整合数字城市信息化资源以及公共卫生专题资源，建设城市突发公共卫生事件应急指挥系统的总体设计和技术实现。     

Application of China’s National Forest Continuous Inventory Database

The maintenance of a timely, reliable and accurate spatial database on current forest ecosystem conditions and changes is essential to characterize and assess forest resources and support sustainable forest management. Information for such a database can be obtained only through a continuous forest inventory. The National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI) is the first level of China’s three-tiered inventory system. The NFCI is administered by the State Forestry Administration; data are acquired by five inventory institutions around the country. Several important components of the database include land type, forest classification and ageclass/ age-group. The NFCI database in China is constructed based on 5-year inventory periods, resulting in some of the data not being timely when reports are issued. To address this problem, a forest growth simulation model has been developed to update the database for years between the periodic inventories. In order to aid in forest plan design and management, a three-dimensional virtual reality system of forest landscapes for selected units in the database (compartment or sub-compartment) has also been developed based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language. In addition, a transparent internet publishing system for a spatial database based on open source WebGIS (UMN Map Server) has been designed and utilized to enhance public understanding and encourage free participation of interested parties in the development, implementation, and planning of sustainable forest management.     

The dilemma of the mining royalty: contractual or realty interest

At common law, the legal nature of a mining royalty between private parties will decide the respective rights of payor and recipient. In some circumstances, it will also determine whether the interest of the recipient will prevail or may be lost and ignored. Industry practices, even those of long standing, that are contrary to the law will not change the law or its effect to meet such concerns. This paper looks at the development of the mining royalty between private parties in Canada and the effect of the realization by recipients that contractual royalties, as opposed to royalties that are interests in the lands or product to which they relate, can be lost in certain circumstances. Suggestions are made for some features that may assist in transforming an otherwise contractual royalty into a real property interest. Some of the concerns for both payor and recipient with respect to the implementation of such suggestions are also discussed.
The article has two appendices attached. Appendix A is an extract from an article by the author discussing the concept of payment of a royalty in kind which is relevant to such suggestions. Appendix B contains some of the more lengthy explanatory notes referred to in the text of the article.     

Assessment of surface water quality of selected estuaries of Malaysia: multivariate statistical techniques

Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), factor analysis (FA) were used for the evaluation of spatial variations and the interpretation of a large complex water quality data set of two selected estuaries of Malaysia. The two locations of interest with 10 sites in each location were Kuala Juru (Juru estuary) and Bukit Tambun (Jejawi estuary). Cluster analysis showed that some sites in both locations have similar sources of pollution from point or non-point sources whereas FA yielded four factors which are responsible for water quality variations explaining more than 80% of the total variance of the data set and allowed to group the selected water quality. Correlation analysis of the data showed that some parameters have strong association with other parameters and they share a common origin source. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis for evaluation and interpretation of complex data sets to get better information about the pollution sources/factors and understanding the behavior of the parameters in water quality for effective river water quality management.     

矿区生态环境遥感监测数据库系统设计与实现

以肥城矿区为背景,基于Personal Geodatabase模型构建了空间数据库,采用C#作为开发语言,借助ArcGIS Engine的控件开发了矿区生态环境遥感监测数据库系统.根据数据获取方式不同,将空间数据库分为基础地理数据库、专题数据库、实地监测数据库和表格数据库4部分,系统实现了矿区空间数据和属性数据的统一存储和管理,多时相遥感数据的对比分析,水质、土壤湿度的动态监测,矿区各类地物面积的统计分析等功能.     

Spatial Convergence in Major Dissolved Ion Concentrations and Implications of Headwater Mining for Downstream Water Quality

Spatial patterns in major dissolved solute concentrations were examined to better understand impact of surface coal mining in headwaters on downstream water chemistry. Sixty sites were sampled seasonally from 2012 to 2014 in an eastern Kentucky watershed. Watershed areas (WA) ranged from 1.6 to 400.5 km² and were mostly forested (58%–95%), but some drained as much as 31% surface mining. Measures of total dissolved solutes and most component ions were positively correlated with mining. Analytes showed strong convergent spatial patterns with high variability in headwaters (<15 km² WA) that stabilized downstream (WA > 75 km²), indicating hydrologic mixing primarily controls downstream values. Mean headwater solute concentrations were a good predictor of downstream values, with % differences ranging from 0.55% (Na⁺) to 28.78% (Mg²⁺). In a mined scenario where all headwaters had impacts, downstream solute concentrations roughly doubled. Alternatively, if mining impacts to headwaters were minimized, downstream solute concentrations better approximated the 300 μS/cm conductivity criterion deemed protective of aquatic life. Temporal variability also had convergent spatial patterns and mined streams were less variable due to unnaturally stable hydrology. The highly conserved nature of dissolved solutes from mining activities and lack of viable treatment options suggest forested, unmined watersheds would provide dilution that would be protective of downstream aquatic life.     

Examining the spatial incongruity between mining sector and beekeeping activities

The seminal work of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination, and food production, informed scientific studies on the understudied impacts of mining on agriculture sub-sectors. This paper assesses the potential impacts of mining activities on beekeeping as an agricultural sub-sector, and the flow-on effects on associated economic values and enterprises to enhance sustainable development. A case study is conducted in the emerging northwest gold mining region of Ghana. The Location Quotient (LQ) and Location Association (La) models are used to explore the economic significance of beekeeping, its spatial links with tree habitats, and mining activities. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to analyze the spatial interactions between concessions, trees, and beekeeping. The paper finds that districts with LQ < 1 in beekeeping also record LQ > 1 in mining, and La < 50 between beekeeping and mining. The findings are useful for stakeholder decision-making toward harnessing and leveraging the prospects of mining on integrated rural and sustainable development.     

Information Management System for Site Remediation Efforts

/ Environmental regulatory agencies are responsible for protecting human health and the environment in their constituencies. Their responsibilities include the identification, evaluation, and cleanup of contaminated sites. Leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) constitute a major source of subsurface and groundwater contamination. A significant portion of a regulatory body's efforts may be directed toward the management of UST-contaminated sites. In order to manage remedial sites effectively, vast quantities of information must be maintained, including analytical dataon chemical contaminants, remedial design features, and performance details. Currently, most regulatory agencies maintain such information manually. This makes it difficult to manage the data effectively. Some agencies have introduced automated record-keeping systems. However, the ad hoc approach in these endeavors makes it difficult to efficiently analyze, disseminate, and utilize the data. This paper identifies the information requirements for UST-contaminated site management at the Waste Cleanup Section of the Department of Environmental Resources Management in Dade County, Florida. It presents a viable design for an information management system to meet these requirements. The proposed solution is based on a back-end relational database management system with relevant tools for sophisticated data analysis and data mining. The database is designed with all tables in the third normal form to ensure data integrity, flexible access, and efficient query processing. In addition to all standard reports required by the agency, the system provides answers to ad hoc queries that are typically difficult to answer under the existing system. The database also serves as a repository of information for a decision support system to aid engineering design and risk analysis. The system may be integrated with a geographic information system for effective presentation and dissemination of spatial data.     

Mineral potential and scope of investment in the Republic of Yemen

On 22 May 1990 the Yemen Arab Republic and Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen were unified to form the Republic of Yemen, with a population of about 14 million people in an area of about 580 000 km². The Republic of Yemen is hoping to develop its mineral industry. Possessing a well established geological database plus a newly issued mining law and investment law, Yemen is inviting all investors, whether from the Yemeni private sector or foreign companies, either solely or in joint ventures to investigate opportunities in minerals and construction and industrial materials.