聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Alb形态[Al12AlO4(OH)247+]是聚合氯化铝(polyaluminiurn chloride,PAC)水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇.丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Alb形态(Alb絮凝剂).研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Alb絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)测定Alb絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Alb絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 ms/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Alb絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH4+、SiO32-、H2PO4-的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Alb絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Al_b形态［Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄⁷⁺］是聚合氯化铝（polyaluminium chloride, PAC）水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇-丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Al_b形态（Al_b絮凝剂）.研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪（PDA2000）测定Al_b絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Al_b絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 mg/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH⁺₄、SiO^2-₃、H₂PO^-₄的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Al_b絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

氧化剂与新型絮凝剂协同去除酸性大红的研究

选取浓度为25mg/L的酸性大红-GR溶液为模拟染料废水,采用氧化-絮凝耦合工艺,探索了氧化剂种类、絮凝剂种类、废水pH值、氧化剂和絮凝剂投加量对氧化-絮凝耦合处理酸性大红染料的影响,确定最佳处理条件为:酸性大红溶液初始pH值不变,高锰酸钾和PTSS的投加量分别为为20mg/L和10mg/L(以钛离子计),脱色率和COD去除率均最大,分别为96.3%、56.5%。通过FTIR光谱扫描、絮体的显微形貌观察、酸性大红和新型絮凝剂聚硅硫酸钛(PTSS)的表面电动电位随pH值的变化的测定,分析了氧化-絮凝耦合法的反应历程:高锰酸钾破坏酸性大红的发色基团后,自身被还原成新生态二氧化锰胶体;二氧化锰胶体吸附酸性大红及其氧化产物,并被无机高分子絮凝剂PTSS通过电中和及架桥网捕等作用卷裹成絮体。     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的混凝效应

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率.     

基于Zeta电位的硅藻土复配剂强化混凝研究

采用硅藻土与传统无机絮凝剂复配处理模拟生活污水,考察硅藻土复配剂强化混凝过程中絮体Zeta电位的变化,以及浊度和COD的去除情况,研究絮体Zeta电位与强化混凝效果的关系。实验结果表明,絮体的Zeta电位与复配剂的强化混凝效果密切相关,可用于反映硅藻土复配剂的混凝处理效果。研究发现,氯化铝复配剂强化混凝时絮体Zeta电位在加药后迅速上升,25min后趋于稳定;絮体Zeta电位在pH值等于7时接近等电点,此时浊度与COD去除率最高,分别达到99.05%和45.77%;用硅藻土复配剂强化混凝时Zeta电位的控制值为-9.0～0mV之间,不同无机絮凝剂与硅藻土复配混凝时获得较好混凝效果的Zeta电位控制值略有差异。     

柠檬酸对不同混凝剂混凝效果的影响

通过对不同混凝剂(Al2(SO4)3、Fe2(SO4)3、PACl25)混凝过程中絮体粒径大小的测定,研究了在不同pH条件下柠檬酸浓度对3种混凝剂混凝效果的影响.结果发现,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,3种混凝剂混凝过程中生成絮体的速率和粒径大小都在逐渐降低,但3种混凝剂受到抑制的程度不同:对于硫酸铝,当n(柠檬酸)/n(Al) =0.1时,混凝20 min内没有絮体生成;对于硫酸铁,仅当n(柠檬酸)/n(Fe)=0.05时,絮体就不再生成;而当n(柠檬酸)/n(Al) =0.5时,PACl25絮体仍能很快地形成.不同的pH值下柠檬酸对混凝效果的抑制程度也不同:对于硫酸铝,pH =6时生成絮体最大,pH =8时没有絮体生成;对于硫酸铁,pH =5时产生絮体的情况和pH =6时相似,而pH =7时絮体消失;而对于PACl25,絮体大小随着pH值的升高而增大(pH在7～9之间).另外,通过对Zeta电位的测定可知,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,3种混凝剂的Zeta电位都在降低,但降低的速率不同:硫酸铁＞硫酸铝＞ PACl25,这与絮体粒径大小的变化规律一致.     

PAC与PDMDAAC复合混凝剂去除高浊度水中有机氯

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为原料制备复合混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对高浊度水体中有机氯(OCPs)以及浊度去除效果进行研究.考察了PAC-PDMDAAC复合比例、复合混凝剂投加量、水样初始浊度、慢速搅拌时间、pH值等因素对浊度和OCPs去除效果的影响,结合絮体分形维数和Zeta电位对去除效果进行验证.结果表明,复合比例对处理高浊水体中的OCPs以及浊度效果影响较大,PAC与PDMDAAC复合比例为5:1,投药量为1mL/L,慢速搅拌时间为15min时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳;随着初始浊度的升高,水体中OCPs的去除率也随之增加,表明PAC-PDMDAAC复合混凝剂更适用于高浊度水中OCPs和浊度的去除;复合混凝剂与其他混凝剂相比,其最佳pH值范围较广,当pH值为4时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳.利用絮体分形维数和Zeta电位两种表征手段对混凝效果进行进一步探讨,说明了实验结果的正确性.     

改性天然高分子絮凝剂和聚合氯化铝复合沉降与絮体分形

在改性天然高分子絮凝剂(CMS)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合处理有机废水絮体沉降速度的实验中,用显微镜和电镜观察到絮凝物是有自相似特征的不规则形状,具有分形特征.在pH值为6.86、聚合氯化铝(PAC)加入量为80mg/L条件下,天然改性高分子药剂加入量为1.5mg/L时沉降效果最好,与单独加入PAC相比20min时平均沉降速度分别为2.6mm/min和1.7mm/min.并计算出此时复合处理形成絮凝体的分维数为1.70.     

水体中Cr (Ⅵ)对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

研究了工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同颗粒物浓度影响下对不同铝形态混凝剂的影响过程,通过考察浊度去除率以及出水余铝、余铬浓度甄别了混凝效率,并利用混凝过程中剩余p H值、Zeta电位以及絮体性质揭示水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同浊度下的混凝机制.结果表明,在低浊度条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)对高聚合态Alb的混凝过程具有较大影响,而对低聚合态Ala无明显影响;在高浊度条件下,水中浊度较高时颗粒物会吸附部分Cr(Ⅵ)从而降低其与Alb之间的作用.Alb在混凝中主要发挥电中和作用,其对颗粒的脱稳和絮体的再生具有重要的作用,Ala水解形成的部分Alc在混凝中主要发挥架桥网捕作用,其对絮体的生产和强度因子具有重要作用.同时Cr(Ⅵ)的存在会增强Al13絮体的强度因子,但其消耗了部分正电荷会导致絮体恢复因子降低.     

絮凝方式对藻类絮体形态、强度及气浮的影响

 采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝剂,利用混凝-气浮法处理含有较高浓度铜绿微囊藻(MA)的富藻水,在恒速絮凝和降速絮凝2 种方式下,研究PAC-MA 絮体的形态及强度对气浮的影响.结果表明,在PAC 投加量及能耗相同的条件下,采用降速絮凝比恒速絮凝处理效果更好.在PAC 投加量(以Al₂O₃ 计)为5.6 mg/L、快速混合搅拌强度(G)和时间分别为500s^-1 和1min、2 级降速絮凝G 值分别为100s^-1 和20s^-1、回流比为10%条件下,当絮凝时间为6~10min 时处理效果较好,最佳絮凝时间为8min;不同的絮凝方式对PAC-MA 絮体形态及强度有着显著影响,2 种絮凝方式形成的絮体形态相似时,降速絮凝形成的絮体强度更大;絮体的形态和强度共同影响气浮处理效果.     

Separating method and dynamic processes of Nano-Al13

In order to investigate the characteristics of pure Nano-Al₁₃, Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified from a series of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) solutions which had the same Al₁₃ percentage but different total Al concentrations, by using column chromatography, ethanol-acetone resolving and SO²⁻ ₄/Ba²⁺ displacement. The Al₁₃ species yield was characterized by Al-ferron timed complexation spectrophotometry and ²⁷Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The coagulation efficiency of Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ in synthetic water was also investigated by Jar tests. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ were similarly investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer 2000 (PDA2000). The experimental results indicated that the ethanol-acetone resolving method was simple and could separate the PAC solution at different concentrations, while column chromatography could separate PAC solutions at low concentrations. The SO₄ ²⁻/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solutions at high concentrations. However, extra inorganic cation and anion could be added in the solution during separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ with high positive-charged species was effective in removing turbidity and color. The dynamic process results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ also had the best recovery capability after shearing compared with PAC and AlCl₃ because the Nano-Al₁₃ conformation is more effective in charge neutralization. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 767–772 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Purification and characterization of Al13 species in coagulant polyaluminum chloride

Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified by four methods to investigate its characteristic, and was analyzed by Al-Ferron timed complexation spectrophotometer,²⁷ Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coagulation efficiency of nano-Al₁₃, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and AlCl₃ in synthetic water were also investigated by jar test. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with nano-Al₁₃, PAC, and AlCl₃ were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency of gel column chromatography method was the highest for separating PAC solution with low Al concentration. Ethanol and acetone method was simple and could separated PAC solution with different Al concentrations, while silicon alkylation white block column chromatography method could separate PAC solution only with low Al concentration. The SO₄²−/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solution with high Al concentration, but extra inorganic cation and anion could be introduced into the solution during the separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that nano- Al₁₃ with a high positive-charged species was the main species of electric neutralization in coagulation process, and it could reduce the turbidity and increase the effective particles collision rate efficiently in coagulation process. Its coagulation speed and the particle size of coagulant formed were of greatest value in this study.     

纳米Al13的分离方法及混凝效果动态过程的研究

以相同Al13含量、不同浓度的PAC为原料,利用乙醇-丙酮混合溶剂法、SO4^2-／Ba^2 沉淀置换法以及柱层析法分离提纯纳米Al13形态,同时利用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、^27Al-NMR等多种现代分析手段进行分析鉴定,比较其分离效果,并采用烧杯实验法和透光率脉动检测技术对Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3的絮凝效果及絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究．实验结果表明,乙醇．丙酮混合溶剂法对Al13分离纯化效果最好,分离所得Al13平均粒径大,聚合程度高．柱层析法受柱体积的影响只对低浓度的PAC有较好的分离效果;SO4^2-／Ba^2 沉淀置换法虽具有较好的分离效果,但分离过程有其他杂质离子的加入,影响到产品品质．混凝效果和动态实验结果表明,Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,具有较强的除浊及脱色能力,在混凝过程中当絮体受到剪切力的破坏时Al13形态比PAC和AlCl3具有更强重新絮凝的能力．     

聚氯化铝及其在工业废水处理中的应用与展望

目前,传统无机凝聚剂正逐渐被无机高分子絮凝剂所取代。系统阐述了聚氯化铝的基本性质、絮凝形态、混凝行为和混凝机理。介绍了聚氯化铝在9种工业废水处理中的应用。对聚氯化铝的研究发展方向作了展望。     

混凝过程中铝与聚合铝水解形态的动力学转化及其稳定性

采用Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法，并结合电泳测定研究了混凝过程中氯化铝和聚合氯化铝的水解形态动力学转化及稳定性。结果表明，ＡＣ在混凝过程中所形成的水解形态完全不同于ＰＡＣ的预制水解聚合形态，其电荷及分子量均明显低于聚合铝且不稳定，ＡＣ随混凝条件如投加浓度、ＰＨ和混合时间而变，而ＰＡＣ－２５水解聚合形态不随混凝条件变化，始终保持稳定状态，ＡＣ水解沉淀规律与理论计算相符并形成无定形Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３絮体颗粒     

铝盐去除浓缩脱水污泥水中悬浮物和磷的效果研究

采用混凝沉淀法处理污泥水中的悬浮固体和磷,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚硫氯化铝(PACS)以及PAC和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(aPAM)复配不同投加量对污泥水沉降性能和磷去除的影响。实验结果表明,PAC和PACS混凝处理污泥水效果基本一致,会恶化污泥水沉降,且随PAC投药量的增加,污泥水SV30越大。PAC与aPAM复配混凝处理污泥水,也难以改善污泥水的沉降性能。结果表明,铝盐混凝剂不适合同步去除污泥水悬浮固体和磷,建议先寻求其它混凝剂改善污泥水沉降再用铝盐除磷。     

Interference of iron as a coagulant on MIB removal by powdered activated carbon adsorption for low turbidity waters

Powered activated carbon (PAC) is widely used in water treatment plants to minimize odors in drinking water. This study investigated the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by PAC adsorption, combined with coagulation using iron as a coagulant. The adsorption and coagulation process were studied through different case scenarios of jar tests. The analysis evaluated the effect of PAC dosing in the liquid phase immediately before or after the coagulant addition. Ferric sulphate was used as the coagulant with dosages from 10 to 30 mg/L, and PAC dosages varied from 10 to 40 mg/L. The highest MIB removal efficiency (about 70%) was achieved without the coagulant addition and with the highest PAC dosage (40 mg/L). Lower MIB removal efficiencies were observed in the presence of coagulant, showing a clear interference of the iron precipitate or coagulant in the adsorption process. The degree of interference of the coagulation process in the MIB removal was proportional to the ratio of ferric hydroxide mass to the PAC mass. For both cases of PAC dosing, upstream and downstream of the coagulant injection point, the MIB removal efficiency was similar. However, MIB removal efficiency was 15% lower when compared with experiments without the coagulant application. This interference in the MIB adsorption occurs potentially because the coagulant coats the surface of the carbon and interferes with the MIB coming in contact with the carbon’s surface and pores. This constraint requires an increase of the PAC dosage to provide the same efficiency observed without coagulation.     

高Al13纳米聚合氯化铝的结构表征及混凝效果

采用AlCl36H2O和Na2CO3制备了聚合氯化铝(PAC),并采用SO42-/Ba2+沉淀-置换法分离提纯了其中的纳米Al13形态,应用27Al-NMR和XRD等现代实验技术对其中的Al13形态进行了分析表征,27Al-NMR结果表明,分离提纯后样品中的Al13含量明显高于PAC,XRD结果表明,Al13的衍射峰出现在2q角为5~25之间;混凝烧杯实验表明,纳米级PAC较传统的混凝剂AlCl3、Al2(SO4)3和PAC具有更好的除浊、脱色效果.     

强化混凝技术处理生活污水的试验研究

通过烧杯搅拌试验,以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和FeC13为混凝剂对华东交通大学排放口生活污水进行混凝处理研究,考察在不同混凝条件、混凝剂投加量、pH下浊度、COD、TP的去除率.研究表明:在最佳混凝条件下PAC投加量为105mg/L时浊度、COD、TP的去除率分别为96.2%、67.4%、94.8%;FeCl3最佳投加量为...