地菍果实红色素的提取及其稳定性

从地Nian（Melastona dodecandrum Lour)果实中提取出天然红色素，并对其理化性质进行了研究。结果表明，该色素为花青素类色素，对光、热的耐受性较好；耐氧化性，还原性及维生素C较差，受试的五种金属离子Fe^3 ,Cu^2 ,Mn^2 ,Mg^2 ,Zn^2 对色素的稳定性影响不大；食盐、蔗糖和苯甲酸钠亦无显著影响。该色素可作为新型天然食用色素加以开发利用，图2表10参5。     

蒙脱石吸附Cr3+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的研究:pH值和有机酸的影响

粘土具有良好的离子交换和吸附特性，常被用作垃圾填埋场的衬层，吸附垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮及重金属离子，防止污染土壤和地下水。研究了pH值对蒙脱石吸附Cr^3 、Cd^2 、Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Zn^2 等五种重金属离子的影响，以及有化学络合剂EDTA和几种有机酸存在条件下，蒙脱石吸附Cr^3 、Cd^2 、Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Zn^2 五种重金属离子的效果。为了接近自然吸附状态，实验采用了离子交换柱进行连续吸附。结果表明，pH值对Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Cu^2 的吸附率影响极大；化学络合剂以及有机酸的存在降低了各重金属离子的吸附率，影响的强弱(设其符号为y)顺序为Y(Pb^2 )≤y(Cd^2 )≤y(Zn^2 )≤y(Cu^2 )≤y(Cr^3 )。     

湿地挺水植物根际金属离子的分布及界面扩散通量

挺水植物作为湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,其根系的生长发育过程影响其环境功能的发挥及其根土和水土界面环境生物地球化学过程。界面的氧化还原异质环境是金属离子发生扩散、沉淀和溶解以及吸附和解析等许多瞬时过程的重要场所,这些过程对金属离子在固相和水相的分配起着重要的作用。获取金属离子赋存特征和定量评估大型挺水植物生长对其界面行为的影响,是了解金属离子在界面环境生物地球化学过程的关键环节。利用高分辨率沉积物原位间隙水采样技术（Pore Water Equilibrators,Peeper）获得芦苇、香蒲和茭草3种挺水植物根际与非根际溶液中Al3＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋和Ca2＋的剖面分布特征,并利用Fick第一定律定量估算它们在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量。结果表明：湿地沉积物孔隙水中Al3＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋和Ca2＋的含量较上覆水存在着明显的富集现象。其中Fe3＋、Mn2＋分布受大型挺水植物影响最为显著,且随沉积物深度增加,富集效应有进一步加剧趋势。从剖面垂向分布来看,Al3＋含量的峰值靠近沉积物的表层,而Fe3＋、Ca2＋和Mn2＋含量峰值出现位置相对较深存在于沉积物中下层。与无植被的对照区域相比,4种金属离子含量在植物根区附近显著升高（P〈0.05）,其中Al3＋、Fe3＋和Ca2＋受芦苇生长过程影响最为明显,其在根际孔隙水中峰值含量达18.3、513和5408μmol·L-1,较对照分别增加了6.0、2.5及25.8倍,芦苇根际效应显著高于香蒲和茭草。多重比较分析结果显示,Mn2＋在根区的分布受茭草影响最大,在根区孔隙水中浓度为21~97μmol·L-1较对照区的1.1~52.5μmol·L-1,平均浓度增加65%。受植物根区环境的影响,Fe3＋和Ca2＋在植物根区释放速率明显加快,其中茭草根区释放速率分别为（35.38±3.05）和（240.18±20.71）μmol·m-2·d-1较对照区增加10倍;另外湿地植物存在直接导     

花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

硫酸盐还原菌对酸性废水中重金属的生物沉淀作用研究

在小型连续搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）中,研究了持续低pH条件下,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用对人工配制酸性重金属废水的处理效果。试验设置反应器进水pH值依次为4-3,3．5和2．6三个处理,进水中Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cr^3＋含量分别为65、36和10mg·L^-1,SO4^2-含量约为6200mg·L^-1,接种物为经耐酸驯化的混合硫酸盐还原菌,试验时控制水力停留时间为36h,通过定期测定反应器出水pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、碱度、SO4^2、S^2-以及重金属含量变化等指标来考察废水生物沉淀的处理效果。研究结果表明：对于进水pH值为2．6～4.3的酸性重金属废水,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用均有较好的处理效果。处理后,反应器出水pH值大幅升至6．5～8．0,碱度由起始的300～2000mg·L^-1增至7500-4600mg·L^-1,废水中S041-还原率达72％～80％,Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋的去除（沉淀）率达99．9％,Cr^3＋去除率达99．1％。此外,随着进水pH值由413降至2．6,反应器出水pH和碱度均呈现逐步下降的趋势,而S04}的生物还原和重金属的去除效果变化不大。从反应器运行稳定性考虑,控制酸性重金属废水的进水pH值为3．5较适宜今后的实际应用。     

尾叶桉营养元素动态和循环分析

在福建平和天马林场，对尾叶桉生长过程中营养元素的动态变化进行了为期5a的研究。结果表明，尾叶桉平均每年胸径增长2.46cm，树高增长2.50m，枝，叶，干（干村和干皮）和根中5种主要营养元素的总量（N＋P＋K＋Ca Mg)分别为17.11gKg^-1，33．38gKg^-1，9．66gKg^-1和12．75gKg^-1，平均每年吸收5种主要营养元素量338．31kghm^-2a^-1,平均每年纯吸收5种主要营养元素量188．21hm^-2a^-1，平均每年归还5种主要营养元素量150．10hm^-2a^-1，平均循环率为44．37％。表4参6     

硅藻土和膨润土对重金属离子Zn~（2＋）、Pb~（2＋）及Cd~（2＋）的吸附特性

以硅藻土和膨润土作为吸附剂,考察微波加热与否条件下,不同吸附时间、不同吸附剂用量和不同pH值对硅藻土和膨润土分别吸附Zn2＋、Pb2＋、Cd2＋重金属离子的影响.实验结果表明,硅藻土和膨润土对3种重金属离子均有很好的吸附效果,吸附时间对去除率影响不大,数分钟即可达到吸附平衡,微波加热、增加吸附剂用量和提高pH值,都有利于提高3种重金属离子的去除率.     

环境因子及外源化学物质对植物花色素苷的影响

花色素苷对彩叶植物叶片呈色以及果实果皮着色的作用受到广泛重视,但关于环境因子以及外源化学物质对花色素苷的影响研究缺乏系统评述.依据国内外近10年来的相关文献.在阐述花色素苷的生理作用和实用价值的基础上,综述了光照、温度、水分、pH值等有关环境因子和有机物、植物生长调节剂、矿质元素等外源化学物质对植物花色素苷积累、含量变化以及稳定性的影响及其生理机制;结果表明,对多数彩叶植物而言,全光照和较强光照、较低的生长温度、适度的土壤和大气干旱以及低pH值介质条件有利于花色素苷的合成、稳定和积累;而外源物质中,可溶糖、柠檬酸等有机物能促进花色素苷的合成和积累,乙烯、脱落酸(ABA)、金雀异黄素(GNT)、5.氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)和茉莉酸(JA)等生长调节物质具有促进花色素苷合成和积累的作用,铜、钾、钙等矿质元素可促进花色素苷的合成和积累.论文还分析归纳了该领域尚待解决的问题(如外界因子对不同种类的花色素苷合成及比例变化的影响有何不同?),并指出了今后的研究方向,重点应明确环境因子是如何影响花色素苷的代谢路径以及不同种类植物中的花色素苷对外界影响因子响应机制的差异等.     

活性污泥对重金属离子混合物的生物吸附

采用城市污水处理厂产生的活性污泥研究了影响污泥吸附Zn^2 ，Cu^2 和Cd^2 三种重金属离子的主要因素，在实验条件下，温度对污泥吸附重金属的影响并不显著，而体系Ph值和吸附时间等的影响较为重要，活性污泥对Cu^2 的吸附符合Langmuir模型，Zn^2 则与Freundlich模型的符合程度优于Langmuir模型，Cu^2 的吸附与两个模型的符合程度一致，另外，活性污泥对Cu^2 离子的吸附性能明显高于其他离子，但在实验中未发现不同金属离子之间存在明显吸附抑制或促进。     

Zn^2＋对水鳖的毒性作用

研究了不同浓度Zn^2 毒害对水鳖叶片膜脂过氧化作用及其体细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,随着Zn^2 浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、SOD、CAT、POD活性先后升降,叶绿素a/b值值则逐渐减小,而MDA含量增加,O2^-产生速率也逐渐增大。同功酶分析表明,Zn^2 可以诱导新的POD同功酶,电镜观察发现,低浓度Zn^ 处理下,水鳖叶细胞中核质空泡化,叶绿体膨胀变形,线粒体嵴膨胀,溶酶体、小泡数量增加,且出现了多膜复合体;随着Zn^2 浓度的增加,核质消失,叶绿体和线粒体解体,而根尖分生细胞中则出现了多核仁现象。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.