黄河上中游水体沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附/释放行为

研究了黄河上中游8个沉积物磷酸盐的吸附/释放动力学,比较了不同沉积物吸附磷的差别,分析了沉积物磷形态对磷吸附特征的影响.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放均主要在前8 h内完成,在前0.5 h内对磷的吸附和释放速率均最快,在24 h内吸附基本达到平衡;沉积物对磷的等温吸附曲线既符合线性方程和Freundlich模型,同时也较好地符合Langmuir模型.据Langmuir模型计算得出沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量为0.095～0.272 mg·g-1,且最大吸附容量与沉积物总磷、可交换态磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关;沉积物在相应的上覆水中对磷酸盐的吸附过程存在一个吸附/解吸平衡点,对应的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度为0.009～0.031 mg·L-1,均大于相应上覆水体中磷浓度,说明沉积物有向上覆水释磷的趋势.     

福建省山美水库入库河道沉积物磷释放风险

通过沉积物磷赋存形态,沉积物-水界面磷吸附平衡浓度(EPC0)值与上覆水体可溶性活性磷(SRP)的大小关系,沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、以及其衍生出的磷释放风险指数(ERI)探讨了福建省山美水库入库河道沉积物磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明,入库河道沉积物总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、非磷灰石磷(NAIP)及磷灰石磷(AP)的平均含量分别为837.12、665.94、167.19、497.63 mg·kg-1以及166.21 mg·kg-1,各形态磷占TP的比例分别为79.6%、20.0%、59.4%以及19.8%,其沉积物TP含量高于东昌湖,低于百花湖、海河及滇池.入库河道沉积物磷的主要赋存形态为NAIP,为沉积物较易释放且可被生物利用的磷;入库河道沉积物EPC0平均值为0.125 mg·L-1,显著高于上覆水体SRP(0.026 mg·L-1);入库河道沉积物PSI的平均含量为58.01(mg P/100g)·(μmol·L-1)-1,DPS的平均值为14.79%,其衍生指数(ERI)平均值为33,处于沉积物磷高释放风险的范畴.综上可见,山美水库入库河道沉积物磷存在潜在的高释放风险.     

鄱阳湖沉积物中磷吸附释放特性及影响因素研究

沉积物是氮磷营养盐的主要蓄积库,它不仅是外来污染物的归宿地,同时其自身营养盐的释放也可对水环境产生重大影响。针对鄱阳湖存在的沉积物磷释放问题,关键环境因子对基质磷吸附的影响规律进行了探讨。通过控制在不同环境因素条件下,上覆水中磷的变化规律探讨,阐明磷在上覆水-底泥界面迁移转化的规律和环境因素对迁移转化过程的影响。研究结果表明,吸附初始阶段,两者含量相差较大,起始吸附速率很高;随着反应时间的推进,两者含量差随之减小;当吸附时间达到30 min时,此时上覆水的平衡质量浓度为8.648 mg·L^-1,两者含量达成平衡。由磷的吸附等温试验同样可看出,随着平衡质量浓度逐渐增加,土壤吸磷量刚开始增加较快,随后增加趋势逐渐减缓直至磷饱和。pH越小,上覆水质量浓度越低,沉积物对磷的吸附作用越强;pH越大,上覆水中TP质量浓度越大,强碱条件下,TP吸收量剧减。在好氧条件下,沉积物对磷的吸附远远高于厌氧条件下沉积物的吸附。好氧条件下,反应在4 h内,沉积物对磷的吸附速率最高,随后吸附量很小直至逐渐饱和。厌氧条件下,吸附作用不明显;当反应时间达到24 h后,上覆水磷质量浓度保持不变,此时沉积物磷吸附达到饱和。高溶解氧水平对于控制底泥向上覆水体释放磷,维持水体较低总磷是必要的。温度为30℃,20℃和5℃3种条件下,当反应24 h后,三者均达到吸附平衡。因此,当上覆水的磷质量浓度较低时,高温条件下基质的磷释放速度会高于低温条件下的磷释放速度。研究结果旨在为正确认识、合理评估环境因素对湖泊水体磷的影响提供更为充分恰当的试验依据和理论解释。     

太湖水土界面氮磷释放通量的流动培养研究

运用一种新的水土界面释放通量研究方法--流动培养法,对太湖不同湖区不同季节条件下水土界面氮磷释放通量进行研究.结果表明,太湖水体沉积物是其上覆水体氮磷的内源,不同湖区间铵态氮、磷酸盐交换速率差异显著,其中,受入湖河道污染输入影响较大的梅梁湾北部、竺山湾、西部沿岸带湖区铵态氮释放速率[(103.35±13.17)mg·m-2·d-1]显著高于太湖其他湖区[(11.87±12.03)mg·m-2·d-1].磷酸盐空间释放规律与铵态氮相似,但释放的高值还出现在西南沿岸带、贡湖湾和东太湖.与静态培养方式下获得的结果相同,流动培养方式下梅梁湾铵态氮和磷酸盐释放速率也表现出季节性和空间差异,即夏季水土界面氮磷释放速率高于春、秋季,且污染严重湖区的释放速率高于其他湖区.由于流动培养的气密性减少了上覆水铵态氮以NH3的形式挥发,使得铵态氮释放速率高于敞口的静态培养方式;而就非挥发性磷酸盐释放速率而言,2种培养方式下得到的结果基本一致.     

夏、秋季长江口外海域沉积物-水界面溶解无机碳的交换通量

沉积物-海水界面是海洋中溶解无机碳(DIC)转移和储存的重要场所，长江口外海域拥有特定的沉积物-水界面交换的空间格局，研究其沉积物-水界面DIC的交换过程对于碳的循环和转化具有重要意义.本研究于2021年8月和2021年10月在长江口外海域采集沉积物样品及原位底层海水，通过实验室模拟培养法计算了该海域沉积物-水界面DIC的交换通量，并研究了沉积物间隙水-上覆水的DIC浓度差、温度、盐度和pH对DIC交换通量的影响.结果表明，夏季和秋季研究海域沉积物-水界面DIC交换通量平均值分别为(432.45±190.78)μmol·m^-2·h^-1和(223.05±110.39)μmol·m^-2·h^-1.夏季交换通量高于秋季，DIC扩散方向均由沉积物向上覆水释放，表明沉积物表现为DIC的“源”.此外，交换通量会随着DIC浓度差或温度升高而升高，随着盐度或pH升高而降低.     

南亚热带中小型水库沉积物中磷的形态与释放特征

以珠海6座典型中小型供水水库为研究对象,通过对水库沉积物中磷形态和释放速率的测定,分析这些水库沉积物中磷形态特征和释放速率及它们与水体磷的关系,了解库容和调水对沉积物中磷形态特点和释放速率的影响.从库容来看,小型水库沉积物中TP及各形态磷含量明显高于中型水库,且小型水库以无机磷为主,中型水库以有机磷为主.小型水库表层底泥的磷释放速率明显高于中型水库.从调水方式来看,抽水水库沉积物中TP及各形态磷含量明显高于非抽水水库且自表层向下大多有递减的趋势,层间波动较大,说明调水入库河流污染日趋严重以及水库调水量增长,沉积物中磷的含量有增加趋势.6座水库沉积物中PO4-P的释放速率与上覆水体TP的增加量以及沉积物中NaOH-P OP含量呈显著的相关性(r>0.80,p<0.05),说明底泥磷释放对水体中TP有很大贡献,而释放的PO4-P主要来源于沉积物中NaOH-P和OP.     

疏浚对大连湾生物可利用磷的水体浓度和沉积物-水界面交换通量的影响

利用FeO/CAM复合膜对大连湾已疏浚区与疏浚影响区海水水体中生物可利用磷(Bio-available phosphorus,BAP)浓度和水质指标进行调查,并通过实验室培养法、间隙水浓度梯度估算法和薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusivegradients in thin films technique,DGT)法分别测定沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量.结果表明,由于受到调查海区附近正在进行的疏浚工程的影响,疏浚影响区水体中浊度和悬浮物含量平均值高于已疏浚区,且疏浚影响区水体中BAP的平均浓度(22.2μg L-1)高于已疏浚水体(19.5μg L-1);而疏浚影响区叶绿素a和溶解氧的浓度明显低于已疏浚区.沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量研究结果显示,BAP主要由沉积物向上覆水中扩散,沉积物是BAP交换的源;间隙水浓度梯度估算法和DGT法测定的BAP交换通量相似,但远低于实验室培养法测定值;BAP在已疏浚区沉积物-水界面间的交换通量小于疏浚影响区,说明在一定时间内疏浚可以减弱沉积物内源磷的释放.     

湖泊沉积物中磷化氢的释放动力学初探

采用柱状芯样模拟法,研究了太湖沉积物-水界面磷化氢的释放动力学.结果表明:当沉积物-水界面磷化氢的释放达到动态平衡时,水界面中磷化氢的浓度基本不再增大,大约在0.34 pg·l-1左右,此时磷化氢的释放通量约为0.008 pg·dm-2·h-1.根据室内模拟结果,太湖沉积物每年的磷化氢释放量在13.81-49.62 g之间,从而使磷化氢在湖水中的平均浓度达到0.16 pmol·l-1.     

湖泊底泥微生物燃料电池中磷形态分布及释放研究

针对沉积物中沉积磷（P）通过微生物活动再释放,致使湖泊富营养化反复的问题,采集郑州大学眉湖上覆水和沉积物,搭建一个沉积式微生物燃料电池（Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell,SMFC）系统,研究了通过SMFC限制沉积磷向上覆水体释放的方法。实验周期内监测SMFC的电压和阳极电极电位、上覆水温度pH、沉积物磷的Standards Measurements and Testing(SMT)法分级提取;并在实验开始与结束收集阳极微生物样进行微生物群落及基因分析;首次使用氧化锆薄膜扩散梯度技术（Zr-Oxide Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films,Zr-Oxide DGT）可视化了SMFC沉积物中不稳定磷亚毫米分辨率的浓度分布。结果表明：SMFC阳极电极电位从-100 mV升至230 mV;上覆水pH从7.15升至7.46;SMFC沉积物烧失量（Loss on Ignition,LOI）从18.31%±0.7%降至13.09%±1.10%,低于对照组的14.29%±2.10%;SMFC显著促进了孔隙水磷向沉积物磷的矿化过程,在沉积物垂向方向上...     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

Environment-specific elasticity and sensitivity analysis of the stochastic growth rate

For matrix population models, analyses of how sensitive the population growth rate is to changes in vital rates (i.e. perturbations) are important for studies of life history evolution as well as for management and conservation of threatened species. There are two types of sensitivity analyses corresponding to absolute (sensitivity) or relative (elasticity) changes in the vital rates and both types can be applied to both deterministic and stochastic matrix population models. To date, most empirical studies of elasticity and sensitivity of the stochastic growth rate have examined the response to perturbations in the vital rates in a complete set of possible environments. However, it is often of interest to examine the response to perturbations occurring in only a subset of the possible environments. This has been done for periodic time-varying models elsewhere, but here we describe a recently published method for calculating the environment-specific sensitivity and elasticity of the stochastic growth rate and apply this method to data. These environment-specific perturbation analyses provide a logical way of dividing the sensitivity and elasticity among the environments. They give important insight into the selection regime in different environments and can provide valuable information for making management decisions and management evaluations in stochastic environments.     

Predicting reproduction rate of varroa

A single equation is derived to predict population-density effects on the reproduction rate of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman. This equation provides a simpler alternative to the approach currently used in the literature, and additionally corrects an anomaly in that approach. The method is then extended to the case of co-existing haplotypes of Varroa. It thus derives an equation used without proof for modelling biocontrol of Varroa, and examines the error caused by an approximation necessary for a closed form solution. Additionally a varroa population model incorporating the derived equation is described.     

人民币汇率变动对我国进出口贸易的影响研究

随着我国加入WTO和对外开放水平的提高,人民币汇率变动对我国甚至世界贸易都会产生重大影响,因而越来越多地受到各方面的关注.笔者结合当前人民币汇率制度改革的发展历程,分析测定人民币汇率变动对我国贸易的影响并提出了政策建议.表2,参10.     

关于氮肥利用率的思考

应用作者近10年在华北地区冬小麦／夏玉米中氮肥转化与去向的研究资料，对施氮量、产量、氮肥利用、残留、损失关系进行分析；认为简单的氮肥利用率很难反映不同农业生产水平条件下的氮肥利用状况；要准确反映氮肥利用状况，应综合考虑产量水平、氮肥利用、残留及损失的情况。论证了我国氮肥利用率具有很大的变幅，平常所说的30％-35％只是一个整体概念，不能以此来说明我国氮肥损失量大，对环境的污染严重。在我国农业生产中，必须研究解决既能获得尽可能高的产量，又能最大限度地减轻对环境压力的氮肥施用技术及其理论基础，而不应该一味追求多么高的氮肥利用率。     

矿质营养对荔枝裂果率的影响

通过对糯米糍荔枝叶片、果皮、土壤中矿质元素含量的研究,探讨矿质营养对荔枝裂果率的影响。初步探明糯米糍荔枝叶片中的钙、镁、硼含量,果皮中的氮钾比,以及土壤中的N/K比、有机质、交换性钙含量影响其裂果率。     

Mortality and other determinants of bird divorce rate

Pair bonds can end in two different ways: either death of the partner or divorce, where the frequency of divorce varies enormously among bird species, from 0% to 100%. To better understand this variation, we created and analyzed the largest dataset so far, consisting of 158 species and 20 variables that quantify the species’ body size, life history, diet, and other characteristics. Our results suggest that species with a high divorce rate have a high mortality rate, tend to be ornamented and sexually dichromatic, live colonially, and form part-time rather than continuous partnerships. Traits quantifying body size or life history are often nonlinearly related with divorce rate. These nonlinearities might (partly) be caused by nonlinear relationships of the same traits with mortality rate which is, in turn, linearly related with divorce rate. In contrast to what has been found previously, mortality rate appears as a key factor for divorce rate in our study. This makes sense, as the likelihood that a partner survives from one year to the next decreases with increasing mortality rate, diminishing the likely success of a partner that attempts to locate its previous partner. We also found taxonomic differences in divorce rate. Specifically, Anseriformes have an exceptionally low divorce rate, which, however, can be explained by the generally important determinants of divorce rate: They also have a lower mortality rate, lower degree of ornamentation and coloniality, and more continuous partnerships than members of other orders. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

脱硫渣废弃物对盐碱地油葵根际微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田实验,研究了不同脱硫渣废弃物对油葵（Helianthus annuus）根际微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着生育期的进行,微生物总量在苗期和花期数量较少,成熟期是数量较多。脱硫渣施用量对油葵根际微生物数量及酶活性均产生影响,微生物总量和油葵根际土壤酶活性均随着脱硫渣施用量的增加呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,同一生育期内,微生物总量以C（1.5 t/hm2）或D（2.25 t.hm-2）处理的微生物数量较高,B（0.75 t.hm-2）处理时的微生物数量较少;表明施用适量的脱硫渣有益于油葵根际微生物数量和酶活性的提高,过高则导致微生物数量和酶活性下降。     

排水管道内不同粒径沉积颗粒物冲刷率的分析与计算

为探究和量化在水流冲刷下,排水管道中不同粒径颗粒物冲刷沉积的过程,本文模拟排水管道内沉积颗粒的冲刷过程.冲刷过程中,粒径较小的悬移质颗粒(小于0.1 mm),在管道沿线取样测得水流中悬浮固体质量浓度(SS);粒径较大的推移质颗粒(0.1—2 mm),测得管道沿线不同位置沉积的颗粒质量.并建立两个数学模型分别计算排水管道内两类颗粒物的冲刷率.研究发现,悬移质颗粒,以水流中SS为依据,可计算出输送通量和冲刷率;推移质颗粒,以管道不同位置沉积下来的颗粒质量为依据,拟合出了管道中的沉积分布函数,是以e为底数的指数函数,可计算出冲刷量和冲刷率.模型计算出的冲刷率呈现出规律性:悬移质颗粒被冲刷成悬浮状态,随水流迁移过程中部分会再次沉积,使得悬移质颗粒的冲刷率从管道前段至中后段逐步降低,如初始沉积质量为100 g的0.045 mm悬移质颗粒,在0.30 m·s^-1的冲刷流速下,计算出管道前段冲刷率为78.94%,最终在管道后段降至13.89%;对于两类颗粒而言,颗粒物粒径越小,冲刷流速越大,初始沉积质量越小,冲刷率越高.     

Cr~(6+)对活性污泥活性及有机物去除速率的影响

通过检测活性污泥系统的电子传递活性以及COD的去除速率,研究了Cr~(6+)对污泥活性以及有机物降解速率的影响,并探讨了两者之间的关系.研究结果表明:5 mg·L~(-1)的Cr~(6+)即会对系统产生明显影响,Cr~(6+)对污泥活性和COD去除率的抑制作用随其质量浓度的增大而增强;当Cr~(6+)质量浓度达到25 mg·L~(-1)时,污泥的INT和TTC-电子传递(TTC-ETS)活性以及有机物降解速率都表现为大幅的下降,下降比例分别为46.98%、54.18%以及64.47%.Cr~(6+)抑制污泥TTC-ETS活性的IC_(50)小于抑制INT-ETS活性的IC_(50),表明TTC-ETS活性反映Cr~(6+)毒性作用的灵敏性大于INT-ETS活性.此外,INT和TTC-ETS活性与有机物降解速率之间也均存在显著的正相关性,说明两者都是表征Cr~(6+)对有机物去除速率影响的灵敏参数.     

Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction

A key measure of humanity's global impact is by how much it has increased species extinction rates. Familiar statements are that these are 100–1000 times pre‐human or background extinction levels. Estimating recent rates is straightforward, but establishing a background rate for comparison is not. Previous researchers chose an approximate benchmark of 1 extinction per million species per year (E/MSY). We explored disparate lines of evidence that suggest a substantially lower estimate. Fossil data yield direct estimates of extinction rates, but they are temporally coarse, mostly limited to marine hard‐bodied taxa, and generally involve genera not species. Based on these data, typical background loss is 0.01 genera per million genera per year. Molecular phylogenies are available for more taxa and ecosystems, but it is debated whether they can be used to estimate separately speciation and extinction rates. We selected data to address known concerns and used them to determine median extinction estimates from statistical distributions of probable values for terrestrial plants and animals. We then created simulations to explore effects of violating model assumptions. Finally, we compiled estimates of diversification—the difference between speciation and extinction rates for different taxa. Median estimates of extinction rates ranged from 0.023 to 0.135 E/MSY. Simulation results suggested over‐ and under‐estimation of extinction from individual phylogenies partially canceled each other out when large sets of phylogenies were analyzed. There was no evidence for recent and widespread pre‐human overall declines in diversity. This implies that average extinction rates are less than average diversification rates. Median diversification rates were 0.05–0.2 new species per million species per year. On the basis of these results, we concluded that typical rates of background extinction may be closer to 0.1 E/MSY. Thus, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than natural background rates of extinction and future rates are likely to be 10,000 times higher. Estimación de la Tasa Normal de Extinción de Especies