新型生物栅填料用量及对景观水体藻类的去除效果

针对天津市经济技术开发区景观河道水量大,氮磷质量浓度高的特点采用生物栅填料去除藻类.通过实验室小试和室外中试,对于生物栅填料实际应用的填料服务水体体积、曝气影响、负荷影响和HRT的影响进行考察.试验结果表明,生物栅填料应用于富营养化除藻时,生物栅填料的使用量越大越好,但是较大的使用量代表较高的处理成本,综合考虑处理成本和效果,由实验得最佳服务水体的用量为12 cm·L-1;曝气对于生物栅填料去除藻类的功能并没有影响;在不同的负荷条件下,生物栅填料都可以有效地去除藻类,并且高负荷条件下生物栅填料具有较高的藻类去除速率,在实验条件下,4 d后各个负荷条件下的藻类达到一致;生物栅填料上的浮游动物种类比较单一,只有沟渠猛水蚤(Canthocamptus staphylinus Jurine);生物栅填料对于出水水质也有一定的影响,它可以有效地去除水中有机物,氮磷和悬浮物质.     

不同氮磷比对藻类生长的影响

实验采用铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),对其在不同氮、磷质量浓度的人工培养基中进行培养,研究不同氮磷比对藻类生长的影响.结果表明,氮磷营养盐在藻类生长过程中是重要的影响因子.在不同磷质量浓度条件下,藻类生长的最佳条件pp=O.07mg·L-1,且在磷质量浓度大于O.07 mg·L-1时,藻类生长状况要优于磷质最浓度小于0.07 mg·L-1时.在不同氮磷比条件下.藻类最佳生长条件为氮磷比等于40:1,藻类生长取决于氮的质量浓度.藻类生长对pH有重要影响.去除过量的氮磷等营养元素是防治湖泊富营养化的重要方法.     

藻类与有机污染物间的相互作用研究

本文就若干有机污染物对藻类的毒性效应及藻类对这些污染物的富集降解作用进行了系列研究。结果表明，不同污染物对藻类的毒性有很大差别，其中三有机锡的毒性最大。此外，不同藻类对毒物具有不同的敏感性，其中扁藻Platymonas sp.和斜生栅藻S．obliquus最敏感。藻类通过生物富集和生物降解两种途径去除水中污染物，其中，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯最容易被去除。藻类固定化能够在一定程度上增加藻类对污染物的降解。     

好氧塘有机物去除的影响因素

影响好氧塘有机物去除效果的主要因素有有机物去除速度常数;进水有机物浓度,可利用的溶解氧量;藻类浓度等.好氧塘的设计和运行应充分考虑到季节的影响.为使好氧塘内藻类浓度保持在一定范围,在一定时候应该采用适当的方法防止池内浮游动物增长过快.     

饮用水处理过程中溶解性有机物表征方法的研究进展

溶解性有机物(DOM)结构、组分复杂,传统水处理工艺(混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒)、深度处理工艺等对DOM去除有限,在消毒过程中可能生成消毒副产物.DOM的结构、组分影响其在饮用水处理过程中的去除效果.为了深入了解DOM在饮用水处理过程中的结构、形态变化,需采用多种检测方法对其变化进行表征.本文围绕DOM在不同饮用水处理工艺中的分子量、馏分、芳香性及荧光组分等性质的变化,综述了当前饮用水研究较为广泛的预处理分级(物理分级-超滤膜过滤、化学分级-树脂吸附)、紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱等表征方法的研究进展,对不同表征方法的优点及局限性进行了详细探讨,以期为准确评估水处理过程中DOM的变化提供科学依据.     

饮用水系统中抗生素抗性基因的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)在饮用水系统中的传播和扩散已成为全球公共健康的主要威胁之一.饮用水厂处理工艺对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果对保证饮用水水质安全具有重要意义,但是水处理工艺、消毒方式以及管网输配系统对不同抗生素抗性基因的影响差异较大.本文在总结了大量文献的基础上,阐述了饮用水系统中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征,综述了臭氧、混凝、砂滤、生物活性炭以及氯消毒和超滤膜等不同水处理工艺对抗生素抗性基因去除的影响及其机理.     

生物浮岛对三峡库区典型支流库湾水质和浮游藻类的影响

在三峡库区香溪河的支流高岚河库湾修建生物浮岛,研究生物浮岛对三峡库区典型支流库湾水质和浮游藻类的影响.结果表明,高岚河水质处于中营养型-轻度富营养型水平.8月藻类大量生长期间,浮岛区水体Chl-a、DO和CODMn含量低于对照区,NH4+-N含量高于对照区.浮岛植物对TN负荷的去除效果由高到低依次为美人蕉(Canna indica)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、菖蒲(Pontederia cordata)和梭鱼草(Acorus calamus),对TP负荷的去除效果由高到低依次为美人蕉、风车草、梭鱼草和菖蒲.在浮岛区和对照区共发现藻类7门31属,4月以绿藻和硅藻为主,8月以蓝藻为主.浮岛区和对照区藻类种群结构无明显差异,但4和8月浮岛区藻类生物量明显低于对照区.     

人工介质富集附着生物对富营养化水体的净化作用

研究了人工介质富集附着生物对富营养化水体中藻类及氮、磷营养物质的去除特性,以及不同水深、水体流速和溶解氧、温度、pH等理化性质对去除效果的影响.结果表明,在静态水体条件下,组合人工介质富集附着生物对于NH4+ -N、TN、TDN、NO3- -N、TP、TDP和PO43- -P平均去除率分别为98.90%、45.15%、42.78%、38.13%、76.18%、80.11%和87.02%,藻类叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量则降低了63.53%.随着水深的增加,藻类Chl-a含量下降速度减缓,但对氮、磷营养物质的去除影响不大.随着水体流速的增加,即由静态水体转变为流速为200 L·h-1的动态水体,藻类Chl-a含量降低程度有所增加,TP和TDP去除率也有所增加,其中,静态和动态水体中Chl-a含量分别降低了63.53%和72.17%,TP去除率由76.18%增至85.13%,TDP由80.11%增至83.76%;TN去除率由45.15%降至32.02%,TDN由42.78%降至28.73%;对于NO3- -N,静态对照去除率为38.13%,而动态处理去除效果不佳;而NH4+-N和PO43--P去除率变化不大,NH4+-N由98.90%变为98.59%,PO43--P由87.02%变为86.13%.水体DO、温度、pH等理化性质特别是p(DO)对净化效果亦有一定影响.     

不同生态工程组合系统对南方水源地污水的净化效果

于2010年6月(丰水期)和11月(枯水期),对我国南方水源地农村生活污水处理系统(系统Ⅰ)以及农田排水处理系统(系统Ⅱ)的常规污染物和藻类进行调查,分析比较两个系统对常规污染物以及藻类的去除效果.结果表明,系统Ⅰ出水中的生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、总磷、总氮和悬浮物等指标均符合《国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)回用水要求,该系统中共监测出浮游植物6门53属74种,系统Ⅰ丰水期对藻类细胞总密度和叶绿素a的去除率分别为87.71%和58.87%,枯水期为95.73%和58.57%;系统Ⅱ出水中的生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、总磷、总氮和氨氮等指标优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅳ类水标准,该系统监测出浮游植物6门48属66种,系统Ⅱ丰水期对藻类细胞总密度和叶绿素a的去除率分别为62.43%和72.25%,系统Ⅱ丰水期的藻类处理效果优于枯水期.对两个系统的水质净化效果进行比较,系统Ⅰ对总氮、藻类细胞密度、叶绿素a的去除效果优于系统Ⅱ,系统Ⅱ对氨氮的去除效果优于系统Ⅰ.两种生态工程组合系统的水质净化效果明显,能为南方类似水源地污水处理和水生生态态系统恢复提供技术支持.图3表2参33     

饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类新兴的有机污染物备受研究者的关注,未被去除的PPCPs母体或转化/降解产物可能进入饮用水系统,威胁人体健康.本文分析了PPCPs在饮用水源、出厂水、供水管网和龙头水中的赋存状况,总结了饮用水厂各处理工艺对PPCPs的去除效果.PPCPs在饮用水系统中的浓度较低,一般在ng·L~(-1)到μg·L~(-1).饮用水厂处理工艺能有效去除特定PPCPs,其中氧化、活性炭及膜处理等深度处理工艺对PPCPs去除效果较好.加强对饮用水系统中PPCPs的来源控制、过程管理和末端监督等是将来的重要研究方向.     

藻毒素在传统净水工艺中的去除特性

通过模拟试验及水厂实测数据，考察了传统制水工艺对微囊藻毒素的去除规律，结果表明：富营养化原水预氮化会导致藻细胞内的毒素释于水中，混凝沉淀通过去除藻类而去除细胞内藻毒素，但对细胞外的溶解性藻毒素无去除作用，过滤与氯消毒可去除部分细胞外藻毒素，对细胞内藻毒素的去除作用较弱，传统制水工艺不能保证出水藻毒素达标，必须采取预处理和深度处理措施。     

The use of algae to control heavy metals in the environment

Aqueous effluents from a lead mining and milling operation located in southeastern Missouri, USA, caused a degradation of stream quality despite treatment by a large tailings pond. The receiving stream was choked with algal mats which accumulated unexpectedly large amounts of manganese, lead and zinc. A wastewater treatment system was designed to utilize algae and benthic macrophytes to remove metals from the tailings pond effluent. The system has proved successful and water quality in the receiving stream has been improved to drinking water standards.Experiments were conducted to understand more fully the phenomenon of heavy metal accumulation by algae. Radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb,²⁰³Hg,⁶⁵Zn,¹⁰⁹Cd) were used in conjunction with commercially available microculture apparatus to screen several species of algae for heavy metal accumulation. It was found that all species of algae studied concentrated mercury, green algae were more efficient accumulators of cadmium than blue-green algae, one alga (Chlamydomonas) proved best at removing lead from solution and no alga studied removed zinc.     

淡水水体溶解有机氮对有毒藻种的生物有效性

溶解有机氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)是多数天然水体中溶解氮的主要组成部分。天然水体DON是许多微生命体包括有毒藻种的氮营养源,在供水安全以及水体富营养化等方面的生态环境效应不容忽视。文章系统地介绍了淡水水体DON含量与来源、生物有效性与估算方法,以及对有毒藻种生长的影响。DON的来源是影响水体中DON含量动态特征的关键因素。DON来源包括陆地径流,植物碎屑,土壤淋溶液,沉积物释放,大气沉降,藻类、大型植物、细菌与细胞死亡或自我分解,微型及大型浮游动物捕食和排泄、分泌物释放等。研究表明约有12%～72%的DON可迅速被生物所利用,具显著差异,究其原因可能是其来源组成、化学本质(分子质量与极性)、测试生物组成、是否有细菌作用等因素造成的。不同藻种具有不同氮源利用能力,DON对藻类生长具有直接或间接的作用,并可能影响藻类群落结构(有毒藻类成为优势种)。考虑到水环境保护与饮用水安全供水的重要性,未来研究应重视淡水水体DON生物有效性与其化学本质的揭示,尤其是对有毒藻种。     

三维荧光光谱技术在水环境修复和废水处理中的应用

近年来我国水环境污染问题情况日益严重,其引发的水华问题频发,藻类生长代谢过程释放的各类衍生物对水生生态系统及原水处理工艺性能造成影响。为此,分析环境水体、废水处理系统中溶解性有机污染物（DOM）的组成、性质和来源,对水环境安全及水污染控制具有重要意义。三维荧光光谱技术通过在不同的激发波长上扫描发射荧光谱以获得激发．发射矩阵（EEM）,基于EEM数据构建三维立体图或等高线（指纹图）描绘监测对象特性,可分析水体溶解性有机物、藻类及藻毒素等,近年来已在饮用水源水质监测、湖库富营养化成因分析及废水生物处理性能评价等方面得到应用。与传统分析方法相比,该技术具有灵敏度高、操作简便、检测快速、试剂消耗量少等优点。文章从荧光光谱分析技术基本原理出发,对三维荧光峰的分类、影响因素及其在水环境中的应用进行了综述,并对今后该技术在环境领域的研究方向进行了展望,以期为水污染控制、污染环境修复提供先进可靠的分析方法。     

What have we known so far about microplastics in drinking water treatment? A timely review

• 23 available research articles on MPs in drinking water treatment are reviewed. • The effects of treatment conditions and MP properties on MP removal are discussed. • DWTPs with more steps generally are more effective in removing MPs. • Smaller MPs (e.g.,<10 μm) are more challenging in drinking water treatment. Microplastics (MPs) have been widely detected in drinking water sources and tap water, raising the concern of the effectiveness of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in protecting the public from exposure to MPs through drinking water. We collected and analyzed the available research articles up to August 2021 on MPs in drinking water treatment (DWT), including laboratory- and full-scale studies. This article summarizes the major MP compositions (materials, sizes, shapes, and concentrations) in drinking water sources, and critically reviews the removal efficiency and impacts of MPs in various drinking water treatment processes. The discussed drinking water treatment processes include coagulation-flocculation (CF), membrane filtration, sand filtration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Current DWT processes that are purposed for particle removal are generally effective in reducing MPs in water. Various influential factors to MP removal are discussed, such as coagulant type and dose, MP material, shape and size, and water quality. It is anticipated that better MP removal can be achieved by optimizing the treatment conditions. Moreover, the article framed the major challenges and future research directions on MPs and nanoplastics (NPs) in DWT.     

北方某市城区水环境中轮状病毒的初步检测

轮状病毒(Rotavirus,RV)是引起全世界婴幼儿肠胃炎的最主要病原体.在我国,儿童秋季腹泻发病达到高峰,也主要由轮状病毒引起.论文改进了RT-nested-PCR检测水中轮状病毒的方法,于2006年10月对北方某市城区水环境(包括污水、地表水和饮用水)中的轮状病毒进行了初步检测.结果表明,该市某污水厂进水和不同工艺段出水、主要公园的景观水体、主要自来水厂进水和出水以及城区管网水,均检出轮状病毒.综合分析从水源到管网的过程,认为管网水中的轮状病毒可能与水源水污染有关.管网水中有轮状病毒检出,说明秋季该市饮用水中存在潜在的轮状病毒传染源.同期对管网水进行的细菌学指标检测,没有发现总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、粪链球菌,可见目前城市供水水质标准中的细菌学指标并不能准确反映病毒污染状况.     

Inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the United Arab Emirates

The concentration of selected inorganic chemicals was determined for 396 samples of bottled water, desalinated water, and groundwater used for drinking and domestic purposes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of inorganic chemicals in different domestic water types used in the UAE with the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water. Results of the present study revealed a wide variation in the concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the UAE. For example, the bottled water sold for drinking is depleted in major ions and the total dissolved solids (TDS) in some brands do not exceed 100 mg/l. On the other hand, some of the domestic water used may contain as much as 3,000 mg/l TDS, which is above the WHO recommended limit for drinking water (500–1,500 mg/l TDS). Similarly, while bottled water is almost free of trace ions and minor constituents, some natural groundwater may have concentrations higher than the WHO recommended limits for drinking water. The cause of this variation is related to the different water sources and the large number of companies producing and distributing drinking and domestic water. Moreover, it is clear that the current controls on domestic water quality in some areas, namely conformance of pH and electrical conductivity measurements with prescribed ranges of values, are currently inadequate. These two parameters are not enough to judge if water is suitable for drinking or not and some consumers may receive domestic water of uncertain quality.     

Improved source,improved quality? Demand for drinking water quality in rural India

This paper tests the hypothesis that the expansion of improved drinking water supplies in rural India reduced household expenditure on water quality, offsetting some of the quality benefits from source protection. I estimate demand for in-home treatment using geological characteristics to predict a household's drinking water source. The probability of treatment and in particular boiling reduces by 18–27 percentage points in response to source protection, offsetting 4% of the water quality gains and saving households 0.5–1% in monthly expenditure. Behavioral choices partly counteract the water quality gains from source protection.     

Improved source,improved quality? Demand for drinking water quality in rural India

This paper tests the hypothesis that the expansion of improved drinking water supplies in rural India reduced household expenditure on water quality, offsetting some of the quality benefits from source protection. I estimate demand for in-home treatment using geological characteristics to predict a household's drinking water source. The probability of treatment and in particular boiling reduces by 18–27 percentage points in response to source protection, offsetting 4% of the water quality gains and saving households 0.5–1% in monthly expenditure. Behavioral choices partly counteract the water quality gains from source protection.     

Development and application of innovative technologies for drinking water quality assurance in China

The continuously deteriorating quality of source water is threatening the safety of drinking water in China. Various efforts have been made to update water treatment processes to decrease the pollution problems of drinking water, such as protection of drinking water sources, enhancement of conventional treatment processes, and development of new or advanced treatment technologies. This paper reviews a variety of protection and remediation methods for drinking water sources, development and application of drinking water treatment technologies, new technologies for special pollutants removal from groundwater, and the latest research progress on water distribution systems in China.