报废电冰箱的环保处理技术

介绍一种处理报废电冰箱的技术。首先对报废电冰箱进行分解,包括制冷剂回收、压缩机拆卸、散热系统和蒸发系统拆卸、箱体箱门钢板拆卸、箱体内胆拆卸、门衬拆卸和绝热泡沫剥离等。然后对于拆出的材料作进一步处理,钢板、管材经平整或矫直裁剪之后作为旧板材或旧管材;内胆和门衬破碎后作为注塑材料使用;压缩机组经专业检测、修复再利用或作为冶金炉料使用。聚氨酯泡沫需经分离回收R11处理,处理工艺路线包括泡沫粉碎、发泡剂蒸发、混合气收集、除尘、储气、压缩、冷凝、节流以及发泡剂与空气的分离;工艺参数涉及主要工艺环节的热力学计算,包括破碎后的泡沫中的R11发泡剂的蒸发吸热、混合气压缩功耗、冷凝过程的散热。同时还介绍了应用发泡胶接法的聚氨酯硬泡沫碎屑再成型技术。采用该工艺处理报废电冰箱,具有拆解物利用价值高、处理过程能耗低、便于分拣、设备造价低等优点,适合我国国情。     

A new recycling material for removing phosphorus from water

In search of readily available and relatively inexpensive materials for phosphorus removal, waste oyster shell is a waste product from oyster-culturing farm and also presents a major disposal problem in itself. Activated oyster shell produced by pyrolysis at 750 °C exhibits promising performance as a suitable substance for phosphorus removal. The capacity of the activated oyster shell, in terms of equivalents of OH^? per gram of material, is about 80% than that of calcium hydroxide. However, the granular nature of activated oyster shell (AOS) makes it much easier to handle than lime. This would be a very important advantage for treatment facilities that cannot afford specialized powder handling facilities necessary for lime. Another advantage of AOS is its time-release properties, which can allow it to be added to reactors intermittently and still achieve consistent phosphate precipitation. Distribution of phosphate after contact with AOS indicates that adsorption does not play a significant role in phosphate removal with AOS. Rather, it appears that the phosphate is precipitated in the presence of Ca²⁺ and high pH as a key mechanism. Since it is produced from a waste product of mariculture, AOS is a sustainable precipitant for phosphate removal.     

废弃水玻璃型壳的回收再利用

通过测试废弃水玻璃型壳的物相组成 ,研究了将其单独或与铝硅系耐火材料混合作为原材料制成水玻璃型壳的强度、荷重变形和透气性等性能。与生产中的粘土 石英型壳性能比较表明 ,废弃水玻璃型壳不能被直接回用 ,但焙烧的和浇注后的型壳废弃料与一定比例铝硅系耐火材料混合可作为型壳背层材料被回收利用。     

Development of vermicast from sludge and powdered oyster shell

Soil acidification is one of the rising land degradation issues facing world agriculture. The risk of acidification is currently being assessed as part of agriculture productivity and sustainable theme. This study was conducted to produce a new vermicomposting cast as a recycling resource derived from municipal sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. The earthworm, Eisenia Andrei, was fed under different conditions. The most suitable mixture was 77:23 w/w% of sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. Powdered oyster shell (POS) sludge blend provided a stable pH, due to its buffering capacity during vermiculture because of the Ca²⁺ and OH^? release effect. The vermicast products fulfilled the cast standards of Korea Ministry of Environment for all the parameters such as moisture content, pH, salinity, organic carbon, TKN, Phosphate, and heavy metals. Slowly released organic matter when added to soil improves the capacity of the soil to hold nutrients for plants, improve soil aeration for roots, and improves soil drainage. This product will be an addition to already-commercialized sludge vermicast as a higher value product.     

全工业固废原料制备水泥工艺的生命周期评价研究

运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对以电石渣等工业固废为全部原料的水泥制造工艺产生的环境影响进行评价.通过对生产工艺进行分解及建模,基于实际数据建立生命周期清单,利用ReCiPe2016方法,在全球变暖、化石资源消耗、土地占用等17个小类及人体健康影响、生态系统影响及资源消耗3个大类中对工艺产生的环境影响进行评价.评价过程包括特征化、标准化和敏感性分析.结果表明,在以1 t成品水泥为功能单位的生产过程中,造成的环境影响总值为-0.0045 pt,其中,在人体健康影响和生态系统影响分类下最为显著,分别为-0.0027 pt和-0.0020 pt.与传统水泥生产相比,本工艺具有更低的资源能源消耗与碳排放量.固废作为原料来源带来的正面环境效益最为显著,而熟料煅烧与水泥粉磨则显示出最大的环境损害,也说明由于消纳了大量工业固废,本工艺对环境总体上是有益的.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

A decomposition of the end of life process

New legislation on electronics waste in Europe will set formal requirements for product end of life (EOL) processes. These include producer responsibility for obsolete product take-back, pre-treatment and recycling. A structure is needed for the complex interactions between technical, environmental, socio-economic and legislative factors in product take-back and EOL treatment. EOL process can be divided into three distinct stages with different characteristics and stakeholders. The first stage is the organization of an effective take-back process. The second is the structural pre-treatment and fragmentation of the product. The third stage is the recycling and disposal processes of the product material content. In this paper we propose a simplified economic model for an EOL process for mobile terminals. We use the model to create a step-by-step EOL process. Furthermore, we present through examples, technical as well as engineering process solutions in promoting economic implementation of the EOL processes.     

产品代谢及其在循环经济中的应用

对指导循环经济实践的核心理论和分析方法——工业代谢进行分类,提出了产品代谢的概念,并利用产品代谢分析方法首次对我国半导体工业整体的硅元素利用效率和能源利用效率进行了定量研究,提出了改善我国半导体工业产品代谢的措施和途径。     

废聚苯乙烯塑料热降解回收苯乙烯单体的研究

为了废弃物资源化利用,建立了废聚苯乙烯热降解的实验室装置,探讨了影响聚苯乙烯热降解的因素,如温度,压力,催化剂用量等,在优化条件下获得９７．６％的分解油,其中苯乙烯单体含量达５５．５％,对聚苯乙烯热降解的机理进行了初步探讨,并预测了在工业化放大情况下该工艺的经济效益。     

我国包装废物产生及回收现状分析

针对我国包装废物产生、回收、最终处置的各阶段现状进行调查和分析,主要对于我国现阶段塑料、纸制品和金属制品的包装产生消费量进行综合分析,并实地对居民生活小区零散个体回收者的包装废物回收量和包装废物再生企业包装废物原料回收渠道以及最终流入生活垃圾填埋场的包装废物含量进行了调研. 将包装废物产生量、回收量与最终处置量相比较的结果可以看出,现有回收体系对于部分包装废物回收效果较好,例如包装废物中PET聚酯瓶和金属罐的回收效果最好;而没有经济利益的塑料袋几乎完全没有得到回收再生,是回收工作的难点. 再进一步通过对复合包装再生企业和PET聚酯瓶再生企业的回收体系的实例分析,提出我国现存包装废物回收体系中存在的问题.      

油轮压舱含油污水处理技术分析

原设计污水处理工艺除油效果不理想，将曝气浮选法改为溶气气浮浮选法，通过对污水静置沉降、斜板隔油、溶气气浮、果壳过滤、CSF过滤等各单元处理，及污水中的油分分析，特别是对斜板隔油、溶气气浮单元加入药剂前后的除油效果进行对比，从结果可知，处理后的污水中油分含量低于10mg/L，实现了达标排放。     

Cellar waste minimization in the wine industry: a systems approach

Waste minimization is slowly being adopted in the wine industry, owing to a combination of powerful drivers, which are either internally or externally motivated. However, these waste minimization practices in the wine industry are still carried out in an ad hoc fashion and have proven to be inefficient in many cases. The lack of a systematic methodology of synthesizing and targeting specific waste streams by the industry has been identified as a major cause of failure in realizing the full potential of waste minimization in the wine industry. This paper discusses a systems approach framework based on three fundamental concepts, viz. the identification of waste sources, detailed causative analysis of the wastes, as well as the derivation of feasible waste minimization alternatives based on the qualitative data and information obtained during process flowsheet evaluations. The application of the qualitative waste minimization methodology described in this study, led to the identification of 90 waste minimization strategies. Approximately 48% of the total number of strategies targeting intrinsic and extrinsic wastes falls in the category of process execution and management (operating practices). On the basis of these findings, waste minimization can yield considerable benefits to the wine industry on condition that it is incorporated as an integral part of the entire vinification process.     

利用废渣废碱液年产3000t粒状五水偏硅酸钠工艺初步设计

介绍以铝矾土提取硫酸铝废渣和氧氯化锆副产废碱液为原料生产泡花碱 ,然后利用一次造粒法生产五水偏硅酸钠新工艺确定影响产品质量指标工艺因素。小试试验产品质量指标达到HG/T2 5 6 8- 94要求 ,工艺成本低 ,避免废碱液及废渣排放对环境的污染。     

基于质能流评估的餐厨垃圾热解自供能特性研究

餐厨垃圾具有成分复杂、含水率高的特点,热解处理法虽可实现餐厨垃圾的快速、无害化减量和能源资源回用,但其处理过程依赖外部能量输入,处理过程的能量平衡问题不容忽视。为全面探究餐厨垃圾热解系统能量流分布,研究提出了热解产物燃烧回用思路,聚焦系统自供能特性,开展固定床热解实验,考察不同含水率的餐厨垃圾在不同热解温度下的产物分布,并计算理论热值,结合TG-DSC分析确定原料热解理论耗能,建立了系统自供能特性指标(ERPC),计算系统的能量产生与消耗比,判断餐厨垃圾热解自供能的运行条件。结果表明:热解温度由400 ℃升至800 ℃,餐厨垃圾热解固体产物产率降低,气体产率提高,热解油产率呈现先增后减的趋势,并在500 ℃时达到最高。通过产物热值分析,过高的热解温度和含水率降低了餐厨垃圾热解产物的总能量。当三相热解产物全部燃烧回用时,为实现系统自供能餐厨垃圾含水率不得低于40%,热解温度不得高于500 ℃。当将油、气两相产物燃烧回用时,为实现系统自供能,热解温度须不超过600 ℃,含水率不超过10%。只燃烧热解气在所有条件下均无法实现系统自供能。     

Minimising environmental impact by sequencing cultured dairy products: two case studies

The increased production of cultured milk products has environmental consequences. To counteract the environmental impact from the dairy industry, it is important to process the products in a sequence designed to minimise waste. In a previous study a model was constructed to minimise the waste caused by a sequence for a given set of products and to calculate the environmental impact of a waste minimised sequence. This study applies successfully the model in case studies at two dairies. The number of products to be sequenced varied: Dairy A had 34 products and Dairy B had 16. The sequenced products were yoghurt, sour cream, cold sauce and crème fraiche, all with multiple flavours. The difference in number of products to be sequenced offered the opportunity to use both of the two model sequencing solutions: the heuristic and the optimised. The role of frequency of each product to be sequenced was investigated. Scenarios with differing frequencies were used in the case studies. The result showed clearly that the waste caused by a sequence decreased when product frequency was reduced. From a life cycle perspective, the environmental impact of processing cultured milk products can be greatly reduced by adopting sequences with fewer changes of product.     

电子废弃物的再循环利用：企业、政府与公众的角色和责任

电子废弃物不仅种类繁多，而且成分复杂，含有多种有毒、有害物质，已成为固体废物中最大的重金属污染源。长期以来，由于对电子废弃物问题缺乏足够认识和有效管理，电子废弃物对人体健床及生活环境可能构成的危害常常被忽视。实现电子废弃物的再循环利用，关键是明确企业、政府和公众在电子产品设计、生产、消费、回收、处置和再利用整个过程中的相关责任。因此，解决电子废弃物的问题，首先要对相关行为主体的角色进行准确定位。     

固体废物危险特性鉴别有关问题的思考研究

简要介绍了中国危险废物鉴别程序,围绕鉴别程序从三个方面总结了固体废物危险特性鉴别的经验。固体废物判断需把握待鉴别物品生产的目的、社会属性及其相对性,若物品是有意生产,或其社会属性符合行业通行做法和市场需求,则该物品不属于固体废物;危险废物名录查询需把握废物的行业来源与生产工艺特征,其中生产工艺分析是确定废物行业来源的关键;开展分析测试需充分论证废物检测指标及其样本数,基础资料的收集和专家咨询是完善固体废物危险特性鉴别的必要手段。     

基于多目标空间分析的危险废物决策支持模型研究

我国日益增长的危险废物对于环境安全和人体健康都构成极大威胁,如何高效、科学的对危险废物从产生到最终处置的全过程进行管理和决策是我国危险废物管理工作面临的重要问题。区域危险废物的管理和环境风险控制是一个涉及到废物特性、自然环境和社会经济等诸多因素的综合决策过程。文章通过综合考虑危险废物处理处置过程中的环境影响因素、经济因素和环境风险因素,结合空间分析技术和多目标决策的方法,设计了一个危险废物多目标空间决策支持模型,并以广州为例进行了模拟应用。危险废物管理的决策者根据不同的侧重点,通过本模型在备选废物处理处置中心中确定建设地点,同时能够使用本模型选择危险废物的最佳运输路径。本模型为危险废物管理和决策支持提供了一种直观、科学和实用的支持,具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

磁性椰壳对土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅲ)的吸附性能分析

淋洗技术是土壤重金属(类金属)污染修复的主流技术之一,而淋洗废液存在的二次污染风险则是制约该技术应用的主要因素.通过溶剂沉积法制备磁性椰壳(MCS)改性材料,探究MCS材料对土壤淋洗废液中As(I)的最佳吸附条件及去除效果.XPS、SEM等材料表征结果均显示磁性材料可成功负载于椰壳上;EDS、FTIR分析进一步表明,M...     

Life cycle inventory for thermal treatment of waste solvent from chemical industry: a multi-input allocation model

Waste solvent incineration is an important issue in life cycle assessments (LCAs) dealing with chemical products and/or processes. Nearly all chemical products and processes involve organic solvents, and incineration is often the favoured solution to waste solvent treatment as it can deal with a large variety of solvent types and quantities. At present, there are no generic models for waste solvent incineration which allow integrating this technology as a unit process in LCA. As waste solvents as a rule are incinerated as a mixture of several solvents, an allocation problem occurs: measurements of the consumption of ancillaries and energy carriers, and of emission of pollutants and generation of co-products, always refer to the mixture of waste solvents. However, in LCAs usually waste specific data is needed. To solve this problem we developed a multi-input allocation model of the incineration process. A comprehensive case study on a waste solvent incineration plant from chemical industry provided the necessary data. The results from the multi-input allocation modelling are consumption and emission factors which facilitate the calculation of solvent specific life cycle inventory results.