污泥的分形维数与粒度随统计样本的变化特征

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)中成熟颗粒污泥和某污水处理厂回流、厌氧、曝气、消化4个单元中絮状污泥的一维、二维分形维数(D₁、D₂、D′₂)及平均粒径在不同统计样本数下的变化规律。结果表明，当统计样本数达到200以上时，ABR中成熟颗粒污泥的D₁、D₂、D′₂值趋于稳定；当样本数达到300以上时，某污水处理厂4个单元中絮状污泥的D₁、D₂、D′₂值也分别趋于稳定。此外，1^#ABR中的颗粒污泥在统计样本数达到350以上时其中位直径趋于稳定，而2^#ABR和某污水处理厂4个处理单元中的污泥，在试验样本数下并未达到稳定。基于研究的结果和相关文献的结论，研究认为，如果需要得到稳定的平均粒径结果，可能需要大量的统计样本数，该样本数至少要大于600。     

污泥回流分离工艺（RSSP）除磷脱氮试验研究

介绍了一种新型的脱氮除磷工艺——回流污泥分离工艺（return sludge separate process），及其运行情况。该工艺在传统的厌氧缺氧好氧（A²/O）的模式下，针对硝酸盐对厌氧释磷的抑制问题进行改进，提出回流污泥的气浮浓缩分离方案，以提高系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明，在进水COD为250～400 mg/L，NH⁺₄-N为30～45 mg/L，PO^3-₄-P为8～10 mg/L左右时，该工艺对NH⁺₄-N和PO^3-₄-P的去除率分别可达79.3%和95%。该系统与A²/O的平行比较数据表明，该系统能够提高氮磷综合处理效率，解决A²/O处理工艺中存在无效释磷和硝酸根抑制问题。     

厌氧颗粒污泥吸附去除废水中Hg2+的研究

在实验室条件下，以静态、序批的方法研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中Hg²⁺的吸附特性及环境条件对其吸附能力的影响，并通过红外光谱和能谱对比手段，初步探讨了厌氧颗粒污泥吸附Hg²⁺的机理。结果表明，厌氧颗粒污泥对Hg²⁺的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型，其吸附等温线与Freundlich型拟合得较好(R²=0.9933)；pH是影响吸附的重要因素，在pH值为3～8的范围内，吸附量较大，最大为64.64 mg/g，当pH值大于8或小于3时，吸附量逐渐下降；温度对吸附也有一定的影响，但影响程度不明显。红外光谱和能谱分析表明，厌氧颗粒污泥表面功能基团对Hg²⁺的络合作用是吸附的主要机理，这些基团包括—CH、—CH₂ 、—CH₃、P—H、CO、C—N、PO、SO及C—H，同时在吸附过程中还存在一定的离子交换吸附。     

厌氧污泥对间二氯苯的吸附性能简

为了研究灭活厌氧污泥和活性厌氧污泥对间二氯苯 （m-DCB）的吸附，考察了吸附平衡时间、吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学、污泥投加量和pH对吸附m-DCB的影响。结果表明，2种污泥对m-DCB的吸附在1 h内达到平衡。应用伪一级、伪二级反应动力学对实验数据进行验证，表明厌氧污泥吸附m-DCB更符合伪二级反应动力学模型。2种污泥对m-DCB的吸附都可以用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型拟合，但Langmuir吸附模型的拟合结果要好于Freundlich模型，且活性厌氧污泥的吸附性能显著高于灭活厌氧污泥。从吸附热力学上看，该吸附为放热反应，低温有利于吸附反应的进行。pH值对2种污泥吸附m-DCB的影响很小。     

水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的污染物排放研究

通过重庆某水泥厂的工业试验，测定了水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的烟气参数及污染物排放指标，分析了并行处理污泥对旋窑烟气的影响程度及各项指标之间的相关性。结果表明：①在污泥添加速率增大时，烟气流速、排气量、含氧量、空气过剩系数、HF和SO₂等排放浓度均随之增加，粉尘、NO_x排放浓度基本保持不变，HCl排放浓度下降，CO排放浓度先剧增后缓慢下降，而总烃排放浓度无明显规律；②污泥添加速率与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与排气量、含氧量与空气过剩系数、总烃浓度与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与总烃浓度呈显著正相关，污泥添加速率与HCl浓度、SO₂浓度与HCl浓度、NO_x与总烃浓度呈显著负相关；③烟气排放的污染物主要来自煤的燃烧，各指标之间的相关性主要表现为煤耗量增加而引起的连锁效应，但污泥本身在高温条件下燃烧产生的污染物较少，由污泥燃烧产生的污染物之间的相关性较小；④污泥添加速率达到2.4 t/h时，水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水处理厂污泥过程中所有指标均满足国家及相应的控制标准，但其参数优化及污染物控制极为复杂，该方法处理污泥需要进行深入研究才能在工业上应用。     

不同基质共代谢降解2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的研究

以葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚作为共基质，通过35℃恒温生化培养箱缺氧驯化污泥，间歇恒温振荡试验研究了在不同共代谢基质条件下，2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（TNP）的缺氧降解性能。结果表明，经过驯化的微生物加入葡萄糖和苯酚作为碳源，在TNP∶苯酚∶葡萄糖为10∶3∶100的比例下，TNP生物降解率可以从不加碳源时的31.2%提高到86.6%；不同共基质条件下TNP的降解均符合一级反应动力学方程，反应速率常数大小依次是K_苯酚＜K_葡萄糖＜K_{葡萄糖+苯酚}，其中葡萄糖和苯酚同时作为共基质时TNP降解速率常数最大为0.019 h^-1。     

酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构 活性相关研究

测定了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC₅₀值，以量子化学参数为自变量，应用偏最小二乘法（PLS），建立了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构活性相关（QSAR）模型。模型所提取的PLS主成分所能解释的因变量总方差的比例Q²_cum为0.820，表明模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力。模型的结果表明，影响酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的主要因素是logkow、CCR和E_homo，酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC₅₀随着分子logkow的增大而减小，随着E_homo和CCR的增大而增大。     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象，分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明，油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段，热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程，提高热解的升温速率，可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加，表现在动力学上，反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高，即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解，在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时，油泥回收率可达到87%。     

污泥渗水砖的制备研究

结合压制成型和传统的烧结砖工艺，实验以城市生活污泥、黄河淤泥、煤矸石及砂为原料，制备渗水铺地砖。通过正交试验得到最优工艺参数为w_{(黄河淤泥)}∶ww_(煤矸石)∶w_(污泥)∶w_(砂)＝33％∶22％∶15％∶30％、成型压力为20 MPa、烧结温度为1 100℃、保温时间为1.5 h，骨料砂的粒径为1～2 mm。制备的成品抗压强度为21.8 MPa，渗水系数为1.03×10^－2 cm/s。并对成型压力及烧结温度对渗水砖抗压强度及渗水系数的影响进行了讨论。     

煤化工企业火炬 NOx排放的模拟燃烧实验简

针对煤化工企业火炬气燃烧特点，设计了一套模拟燃烧装置，分别研究液化气添加量及燃烧温度对NO_x的影响，并对火炬系统NO_x的排放系数进行核算。结果表明，火炬系统NO_x排放浓度和排放量随液化气添加量的增加而增大；同时研究发现，NO_x与燃烧温度之间成正比关系，即温度升高有利于NO_x的产生。根据核算结果，火炬系统NO_x排放系数在0.099~0.185 kg/t之间，平均为0.139 kg/t。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。