固相微萃取-气相色谱法联用测定水中氯苯系化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱联用技术对水中九种氯苯进行测定。优化了SPME的萃取条件,选用65μmPDMS—DVB萃取涂层,在加入1．5gNaCl,温度为20℃的条件下萃取15min,280％解吸4min。该方法的相对标准偏差小于8％,相关系数大于0．9988。将该方法应用于湘江水中氯苯的测定,回收率分别为79．4％-99．9％,证明了访方法对痕量氯苯分析的可行性与可靠性。     

固相萃取法测定水源水中的有机磷农药

采用固相萃取盘萃取水中的有机污染物,以大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法一火焰光度检测器（CGC/FPD）定量测定了水源水中的有机磷农药研究了10种有机磷农药的气相色谱法（GC－FPD）的分析条件结果表明均加标回收率的范围为50％～96％．方法的最低检测限为119～534ng/L．对某水厂水源水中的有机磷农药含量进行了分析测定,结果表明久效磷、敌百虫检出量较大,分别为 0.165μg/L和0.137μg/L,除草醚有痕量检出。     

固相微萃取技术测定水中的吡啶与静态顶空方法的比较

用固相微萃取技术(SPME)及静态顶空(SHS)分别与气相色谱联用来分析水中的吡啶。通过试验确定了固相微萃取的分析参数:纤维萃取头、吸附时间、解吸时间、无机盐浓度,并与静态顶空方法作了比较。以同一浓度的标准溶液来分析两种方法的检出限、线性及重复性。结果表明,两种方法都具有很好的重复性和线性,固相微萃取的RSD在0.9%～3.1%之间,静态顶空的RSD在0.7%～3.6%之间。两种发方法的标准曲线相关系数也都在0.999以上。但是固相微萃取技术的检出限比静态顶空法低很多。固相微萃取方法测定水中吡啶的检出限是0.001mg/L,而静态顶空法的检出限只有0.03 mg/L。因此,测定水中的吡啶,使用固相微萃取技术优于静态顶空法。     

关于气相色谱法测定水中丙烯酰胺的研究

研究并建立了毛细柱气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器测定水中丙烯酰胺的方法。水样中丙烯酰胺经溴化衍生后,用乙酸乙酯萃取,经气相色谱法分析,取l00ml水样时方法检出限为0．017μg／L。丙烯酰胺在0．50～12．50μg／L范围内线性良好,在低、中、高3个添加水平,平均加标回收率为99．3％～114％,相对标准偏差为0．4％-3．5％。本方法准确度高、精密度好,适用于水中丙烯酰胺测定。     

工业污染场地土壤苯系物的检测方法比较研究

以工业污染场地为研究对象,比较和分析了静态顶空、吹扫捕集和固相微萃取等3种前处理方法对土壤中苯系物的气相色谱检测结果差异.结果表明,静态顶空和吹扫捕集两种方法均可对土壤苯系物进行定性定量分析,固相微萃取因土壤有机污染物对萃取探头造成溶解损害而不能检测.静态顶空法检测苯系物各组分的回收率为95.2%～98.2%,吹扫捕集...     

固相微萃取法提取水中增塑剂

本文利用固相微萃取(SPME)前处理技术与气相色谱质谱技术相结合,测定水中已二酸二(2-乙基)已酯(DEHA),对萃取温度、萃取时间和解析时间等影响因素进行了优化,得出固相微萃取最佳条件。     

固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定水中的甲基汞

根据巯基棉在一定酸性条件下能定量吸附甲基汞的原理,利用多通道并联的固相萃取装置,采用气相色谱（ECD）方法测定饮用水中痕量甲基汞,考察了水样pH值对回收率的影响。方法在10．0ug／L～50．0ug／L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为1．0L时,检出限为0．06ng／L,样品平行测定的加标回收率在79．6％-82．8％,相对标准偏差为2．5％。     

重庆流域嘉陵江和长江水环境中壬基酚污染状况调查

利用固相萃取（SPE）－气相色谱－质谱法（GC－MS）对嘉陵江和长江重庆段河流和以这两条河流为水源的5个自来水厂水样中壬基粉（NP）进行了检测,河流水样中4月份NP的浓度范围为0.02-1.12μg/L，7月份为1．55－6.85μg/L，自来水厂的水样中，4月份NP浓度范围为＜0．01－0．06μg/L,7月份为.10-2.73μg/L，方法的自来水加标回收率大于90％，环境水样中的加标回收率大于80％，检测限为0.01μg/L.     

水中毒死蜱的固相萃取气相色谱测定法

建立水中毒死蜱的固相萃取——气相色谱FPD测定法。本方法的线性范围为0.25～5.00mg/L,回收率为94.2%,RSD为2.5%,检出限为0.25μg/L。该方法灵敏、准确,能很好地排除干扰,可满足水中痕量毒死蜱的测定。     

吹扫——捕集气相色谱法测定地表水中挥发性卤代烃

采用吹扫——捕集气相色谱法，使用毛细管柱，ECD检测器，测定地表水中的挥发性卤代烃。方法检测限三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、三溴甲烷为0．03μg／L，四氯化碳、四氯乙烯为0．01μg／L，加标回收率84％～111％，相对标准差3．2％～8．0％，精密度和准确度较好。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.