原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

产富马酸酶菌种筛选及固定化细胞生产L-苹果酸转化条件研究

从土样中筛选得到２０支可将富马酸转化为Ｌ－苹果酸垢细菌菌株。经摇瓶复筛，得到一株富马酸酶活力较高的ＺＧ－４菌株。以改性ＰＶＡ为载体，制备得到固定化细胞。其较佳转化条件为：１经ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｎａ２Ｆｕ为底物，ｐＨ７．０，４０转化。固定化细胞经胆酸ρ＝４ｇ／Ｌ或ＴＰＣρ＝０．６ｇ／Ｌ预处理后，可有效抑制琥铂酸副产物的生成。添加没食子单宁ρ＝１ｇＬ，可使富马酸酶比活力达１．９５ｍｍｏｌ ｇ＾－ｈ＾－。固定     

农药降解酶的固定化及其降解特性

采用海藻酸钙凝胶将 Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ ． Ｙ Ｆ１１ 农药降解酶进行固定化,并测定了固定化酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性． 农药降解酶的固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度,３０ ｇ／ Ｌ;蛋白质量浓度,０ ．２ ｇ／ Ｌ;固定化时间ｔ ＝ １６ｈ ;粒径４ ｍｍ ． 固定化酶降解杀灭菊酯的最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ 、最适温度为３５ ℃, Ｋｍ５５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ     

链霉菌碱性脂肪酶的研究

从杭州土壤中获得的一支链霉菌,通过ＵＶ、ＤＥＳ和Ｃｏ６０ － γ射线的５ 代诱变,选育成功了高产的Ｚ９４－ ２ 菌株,经过对Ｚ９４ －２ 的发酵研究,产碱性脂肪酶活力达５９６ ｕｍＬ,其最适培养基（λｕ Ｌ－１） 为：糊精１０、黄豆饼粉３０、尿素１０ 、Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４０ ．５、ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０ ．５、ＮａＣｌ１ 和ＡＥＯ９ ０．５ ,产酶的最适条件为：初始ｐＨ９．０～１０．０ ,２６℃培养４８ ｈ．对Ｚ９４－ ２ 与其他菌株的碱性脂肪酶的特性作了比较     

螺孢菌ZG9901的筛选及其产碱性果胶酶发酵条件研究

用筛选培养基从芦苇土壤中筛选到７株碱性果胶酶产生菌株，经初筛选和复筛得到产酶活性较高的一株菌株ＺＧ９９０１，初步鉴定为螺孢菌属Ｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｐｐ．最适摇瓶产酶条件是：果胶２０ｇ／Ｌ，乳糖２０ｇ／Ｌ，蛋白胨３ｇ／Ｌ，酵母膏４ｇ／Ｌ，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４１ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＳＯ４．７Ｈ２Ｏ０．０４ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＣｌ２０．２ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ９．０，３２℃培养３６ｈ达到产酶高峰。     

苯酚、苯胺及其衍生物对斜生栅列藻的急性毒性及QSAR研究

本文应用ＯＥＣＤ标准方法测定了１８种酚类胺类化合物对斜生栅列藻的４８ｈ－ＥＣ６０值，选择参数ＥＬＵＭＯ和ｌｇＫｏｗ进行了ＱＳＡＲ分析，得到下列回归方程：－１ｇＥＣ５０＝２．５４１－０．６４９ＥＬＵＭＯ＋０．２９９ＬｇＫｏｗ，ｎ＝１８，ｒ＝０．９０３，ＳＥ＝０．３１４应用所得方程计算了化合物的毒性，探讨了毒机理。     

越冬期淡水白鲳发病之病原细菌的研究

从越冬期淡水白鲳病鱼的肝脏内分离纯化到一细菌菌株ＣＢＺＨＧ４，用ｎ（ｃｅｌｌ＝１０＾５～１０＾６ｍＬ＾－１的菌液浓度在腹腔注射试验鱼后４８ｈ内全部死亡，证实为病原菌。ＣＢＺＨＧ４经ＡＰＩ ２０ＮＥ系统鉴定为嗜水性气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ），对卡那霉素多种抗生素和呋喃类药物敏感，对青霉素类、先锋霉素等抗生素、磺胺类药物和０／１２９不敏感。表２参２     

Fe~(3 )、Mg~(2 )对跨界融合子Foaz中β-类胡萝卜素水平的影响

测定了由光合细菌 Ｐ９４７９ 株与酵母 Ｙ９４０７ 株经原生质融合构建的跨界融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及其亲株在净化豆制品废水反应中０ 、０ ．１ 、５ ．０ 、１０ ．０ 、１００ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｆｅ３ ＋ 质量浓度和０ 、１５０ 、３００ 、４００ 、８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｍｇ２ ＋ 质量浓度下的β－类胡萝卜素色素含量及 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 去除效率．结果表明, Ｆｅ３ ＋ 对融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有明显的促进作用,当ρ（ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ） 为５ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 时,融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的质量分数ｗ 达到最高水平,分别为４ ．９ ｍｇ／ｇ 和２ ．４ ｍｇ／ｇ ．而 Ｍｇ２ ＋ 对融合子及其亲株中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有一定抑制作用     

8种拟除虫菊酯农药对稀有鲫的急性、亚慢性毒性研究

８种拟除虫菊酯对稀有鲫的急性毒性和其中２种拟除虫菊酯的亚慢性毒性研究结果表明：溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯、胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯对稀有鲫均属剧毒，它们的ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１分别为３．１６，３．２４，６．３１，７．２１，７．３５，３２．４５，９１．７５和８８２．６；甲氰菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯对稀有鲫７ｄ亚慢性毒性的最低有影响浓度ρ（ＬＯＥＣ）和最高无影响浓度ρ（ＮＯＥＣ）分别为０．８８～０．４４μｇ／Ｌ，４．０～２．０μｇ／Ｌ，以ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１为基准，２种拟除虫菊酯的安全系数均为０．０６～０．１２５．     

高温脱除H2S的Mn—Fe／Al2O3脱硫剂研究

本文在热力学分析的基础上,制备了Ｍｎ－Ｆｅ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３脱硫剂,原料气中Ｈ２Ｓ浓度约为０．３％,空速约为３０００ｈ＾－１,在５５０－６５０℃的反应条件下,进行了脱硫反应实验,当出口Ｈ２Ｓ浓度大于０．０１％时,结束脱硫反应,在７１０℃,２４００ｈ＾－１空速的条件下,用１０．８３％的Ｏ２对脱硫剂进行再生,当出口ＳＯ２浓度低于０．００２％时,结束再生反应。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.