菰草滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的试验研究

采用菰草（Latifolia griseb）滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的实验表明，以污染物去除负荷最大值确定滤床的水力负荷为0．9m3／m2·d，此运行条件下水生植物滤床对TN、TP、COD。，的去除率分别为33．5％、39．2％、22．8％；以出水可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A排放标准确定水力负荷应不大于0．3m3／m2·d，此条件下TN、TP的去除率分别为52．2％、58．3％。菰草滤床适宜栽培水深为15～25cm。     

通榆河南段控制单元最大日负荷估算及分配研究

以通榆河南段控制单元为研究区，利用现有的平原感潮河网区水量模型、面源污染负荷统计模型和水环境容量模型，估算研究区2010年污染物最大日负荷总量（TMDL），并进行负荷削减和分配研究。结果表明：研究区COD、氨氮（NH3-N）90％保证率（2004年）下的水环境容量分别为7．76万t,0．37万t；xCN2010年污染物入河量，COD、NH3-N的最大年负荷分别为1．99万t,0．28万t。在研究区涉及的各县市中，海安、姜堰、东台是负荷削减的重点区域；对于不同的污染源，城镇生活点源和农业面源是研究区污染物总量控制的关键。     

利用MOBILE 6.2模型预测LPG出租车排放因子

针对MOBILE6．2预测天然气汽车排放因子的功能，分析了其在预测液化石油气（LPG）轻型汽车上的可行性。并根据LPG出租车汽车排放总量分析系统（VMAS）测试结果，得到所需参数，预测了实验车队的排放因子，与实测值的误差≤10％，表明MOBILE6．2预测LPG轻型汽车排放因子具有良好的适用性。     

溶剂浮选分光光度法测定生活饮用水中铜

研究了1-（4-偶氮苯）-3-（4-溴苯）-三氮烯与铜的显色反应，建立了溶剂浮选分光光度法测定生活饮用水中铜的新体系，优化了试验条件，分析了共存离子对测定的干扰。方法在3．00mg／L-10．0mg／L范围内符合比尔定律，检出限为0．15μg／L，生活饮用水测定的RSD为2．7％，加标回收率为95．0％-98．8％。     

燃煤电厂煤中汞含量对烟气中汞排放水平的影响

对江苏省9家燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）及烟气中ρ（汞）进行了测试，结果表明，9家燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）为54．5～297 ng／g，平均值为139 ng／g，低于我国煤中ω（汞）的平均值（220 ng／g）。燃煤电厂排放烟气中ρ（汞）为0．08～16．97μg／m^3，远低于《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13223－2011）汞及其化合物标准限值（30μg／m^3）。通过对燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）与最终排放的烟气中ρ（汞）进行分析，两者之间有一定的相关性。     

巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集二溴邻硝基偶氮胂分光光度法测定汞 (Ⅱ)

研究了溴代十六烷基吡啶、正丁醇、正庚烷和水自制微乳溶液介质中，汞（Ⅱ）与二溴邻硝基偶氮胂的显色反应，采用巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离共存离子并富集汞（Ⅱ），建立了分光光度法测定微量汞（Ⅱ）的新方法。在pH值为6．00的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中，汞（Ⅱ）与试剂形成紫红色络合物，其最大吸收峰位于530nm波长处，表观摩尔吸光系数8为3．3×10^5L／（mol·cm）。在显色液中汞（Ⅱ）质量浓度在8．00μg／L～600μg／L范围内符合比尔定律，检出限为0．003mg／L，水、牛奶、化妆品测定的RSD为1．4％～6．1％，加标回收率为96．8％～105％。     

琉基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集-二溴对甲偶氮羧微乳液分光光度法测定微量镍

研究了在溴代十六烷基吡啶（CPB）、正丁醇、正庚烷、水自制微乳溶液存在下，镍与二溴对甲偶氮羧（DBpMCA）的显色反应，在pH值为9．07的Na2B4O7-HCl缓冲溶液中，镍与试剂形成淡红色配合物，最大吸收峰位于560nm波长处，表观摩尔吸光系数ε为2．8×10^5L／（mol·cm）。优化了试验条件，考察了共存离子的影响，方法在0．002mg／L～0．320mg／L范围内符合比尔定律，检出限为0．0006mg／L，生活垃圾、水、土壤样品测定的RSD为2．1％～5．2％，加标回收率为96．6％～104％。     

DE型双沟式氧化沟运行分析

本文对某水质净化厂2006-2007年进、出水的COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N和TP以及污泥的MLSS、MLVSS和SV进行分析，结果表明采用该工艺处理后的城市生活污水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）二级标准，中水达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求。     

南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究

统计分析了2010年南京市各行政区建筑场地面积和工期，结合扬尘排放因子，建立了南京市建筑扬尘排放清单。研究表明，2010年南京市建筑扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2．5的排放量分别达2．53万t、1．40万t和0．95万t，占工业烟（粉）尘排放量的23％、13％和8．6％。郊区县建筑扬尘排放量较大，约占全市 TSP、PM10、PM2．5排放总量的72％；主城区排放强度较高。对不同建筑工程类型扬尘排放量估算表明，城市建设工程和市政工程是建筑扬尘的主要来源，城市建设工程中又以住宅类建设工程为主。对不同研究获得的建筑扬尘结果比较，发现扬尘排放因子选择和污染源活动水平统计是影响建筑扬尘结果的关键因素。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中的铍及其化合物

采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铍及其化合物，用微孔滤膜采集空气样品，经硝酸／高氯酸混合液消解，以硝酸镁为基体改进剂。方法线性范围为0．100μg／L～3．00μg／L，最低检出质量浓度为1．7×10^-5mg／m3（按采样体积75L计），3个加标质量水平的相对标准偏差为3．8％～4．5％，回收率为93％～102％。     

浑太河流域水质达标控制方法研究

结合浑太河流域水资源网络节点图,根据污染物来源、种类及其产生机理,针对计算单元水资源供需平衡预测数据、降雨径流值,分点源、非点源进行规划水平年污染物入河量的预测。根据浑太河流域地形特征、入河污染物降解特性,以水功能区水体纳污能力为计算单元污染物排放总量控制条件,给出基于规划水平年入河污染物变动特性的水质达标控制方法。运用该方法进行浑太河流域水质达标控制:2030年,流域总需水7.4亿立方米,缺水深度在1%以下,COD、NH3-N、TP、TN的入河量分别为28.5×104、2.8×104、3.1×104、4.6×104t,对应的入河控制量分别为9.3×104、0.6×104、0.8×104、0.9×104t,经控制后水功能区目标水质达标率100%。证实了该水质达标控制方法有效、可行。     

Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960–2005

This paper illustrates the result of land use/cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh using topographic maps and multi-temporal remotely sensed data from 1960 to 2005. The Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was used to extract information from satellite data, and post-classification change detection method was employed to detect and monitor land use/cover change. Derived land use/cover maps were further validated by using high resolution images such as SPOT, IRS, IKONOS and field data. The overall accuracy of land cover change maps, generated from Landsat and IRS-1D data, ranged from 85% to 90%. The analysis indicated that the urban expansion of Dhaka Metropolitan resulted in the considerable reduction of wetlands, cultivated land, vegetation and water bodies. The maps showed that between 1960 and 2005 built-up areas increased approximately 15,924 ha, while agricultural land decreased 7,614 ha, vegetation decreased 2,336 ha, wetland/lowland decreased 6,385 ha, and water bodies decreased about 864 ha. The amount of urban land increased from 11% (in 1960) to 344% in 2005. Similarly, the growth of landfill/bare soils category was about 256% in the same period. Much of the city's rapid growth in population has been accommodated in informal settlements with little attempt being made to limit the risk of environmental impairments. The study quantified the patterns of land use/cover change for the last 45 years for Dhaka Metropolitan that forms valuable resources for urban planners and decision makers to devise sustainable land use and environmental planning.     

新疆克孜勒苏河喀什市段入河污染物估算及特征分析

依据污染源调查资料,采用距离法对克孜勒苏河喀什市段污染物的入河量进行估算。结果表明:污水处理厂排放口是克孜勒苏河喀什市段最主要的污染源,COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的排放量占研究区域总量的61%~83%;其次是豆腐厂总排口,4项指标占研究区域总排放量的17%~37%,也是该河段的主要污染源。两者各指标排放量之和均超过区域总量的98%。不同类型的污染源中,生活源COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的贡献率分别是工业源的2、5、4和1.6倍。     

Characterization and assessment of “Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant” wastewaters

We investigated conventional characterization of wastewaters of the "Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant." In the study of conventional characterization; 23 composite samples, which were taken during 10 months, were used and analysed as COD, BOD5, TKN, NH3-N, SS, VSS, TP, RP, TS, Alkalinity, oil and grease, detergent, chloride parameters. For determine of the plant efficiency, 8 output grab samples were taken. The COD and BOD5 values of influent, respectively, ranging from 37 to 1,056 mg/L and 8 to 140 mg/L in total wastewater. The meanly BOD5/COD ratio was calculated as 0.34 in total wastewaters.     

Impact of urbanization on natural ecosystem service values: a comparative study

With rapid population growth and rural to-urban migration in many Chinese cities, a large amount of natural lands have been converted to urban and agricultural lands recently. During this process of land conversion, economic development and quality of life improvement are considered as major goals, and their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become severe,and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments. Taking HaDaQi industrial corridor, Heilongjiang Province, China,as a case study area, this paper examined the trend of land use changes during 1990–2005, and quantified their influences on natural eco system service values. In particular, this study applied two major valuation methods, and examined whether different valuation methods generate significantly different results. Analysis of results suggests that human dominated land uses (e.g., urban and agriculture)have expanded rapidly at the cost of natural lands (e.g., wetlands and forest). Due to these land use changes, the total ecosystem service value decreased 29% (2.26% annually) from 1990 to 2005 when the first method was applied, and this rate is estimated to be 15.7% (1.13% annually)with the second approach. Moreover, the annual rate of ecosystem service value decline during 2000–2005 is about four times higher than that in 1990–2000 with both methods, suggesting much more severe ecosystem degradation during 2000–2005.     

Modelling vegetation greenness responses to climate variability in a Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystem

Accurate knowledge of the quality and environmental impact of the highway runoff in Pear River Delta, South China is required to assess this important non-point pollution source. This paper presents the quality characterization and environmental impact assessment of rainfall runoff from highways in urban and rural area of Guangzhou, the largest city of Pear River Delta over 1 year’s investigation. Multiple regression and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine influence of the rainfall characteristics on water quality and correlations among the constituents in highway runoff. The results and analysis indicates that the runoff water is nearly neutral with low biodegradability. Oil and grease (O&G), suspended solids (SS) and heavy metals are the dominant pollutants in contrast to the low level of nutrient constituents in runoff. Quality of highway runoff at rural site is better than that of at urban site for most constituents. Depth and antecedent dry period are the main rainfall factors influencing quality of highway runoff. The correlation patterns among constituents in highway runoff at urban site are consistent with their dominant phases in water. Strong correlations (r ≥ 0.80) are found among chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, Cu and Zn as well as conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen. O&G, COD, SS and Pb in highway runoff at urban site substantially exceed their concentrations in receiving water of Pear River. The soil directly discharged by highway runoff at rural site has contaminated seriously by heavy metals in surface layer accompanying with pH conversion from original acidic to alkaline at present.     

北京市水环境非点源污染监测与负荷估算研究

文章对北京全市域范围开展水环境非点源污染监测以及污染负荷估算研究。监测结果表明,天然降雨氨氮、总氮污染程度高;城区典型下垫面降雨径流的有机污染十分严重,其中屋面降雨径流总氮和氨氮污染最严重,路面降雨径流COD和总磷污染最严重;下垫面降雨径流汇入城市排水管网后,由于冲洗下水道中的沉积物,使得水质污染进一步恶化。农业典型小流域面源污染对水质影响也很明显。城市非点源污染负荷估算选用SWMM暴雨径流模型,农业非点源污染负荷模型选用改进的输出系数模型,估算结果表明:城市非点源污染主要来自大气湿沉降、综合用地、路面和屋面等,农业非点源污染主要来自耕地和林地;全市污染物排放总量中,点源排放总量与非点源排放总量基本各占50％左右。为进一步挖掘污染减排空间,完善总量减排体系提供了依据。     

太湖主要入湖河流排污控制量研究

利用2006—2008年的监测数据对太湖主要入湖河流的水环境状况进行了分析,通过对研究区工业污染源、农业污染源和城镇生活污水排污的分布以及入河情况的调查,对各种污染源的入河量进行了计算,根据确定的水质目标,分别计算出主要入湖河流以及区域水系的水环境容量和排污控制量。结果表明:15条主要入湖河流超标现象显著,近3a来污染程度有所波动,N、P污染最为严重。研究区内污染物入河量较大,未接管的生活源污染物入河量所占比重最大,各类污染物均在50%～60%之间;张家港市的污染物入河量最大,各类污染物所占比重达总入河量的18%～20%。研究区内河网密布,水环境容量分布不均匀,望虞河、直湖港、武进港等7条河流水环境容量较大,张家港市区域水环境容量较大。为保证水质达标,研究区内近期共须削减CODCr66554.38t/a、NH4-N8105.71t/a、TP1324.42t/a;远期共须削减CODCr96719.08t/a、NH4-N11541.45t/a、TP1788.71t/a。     

An evaluation of improvements in the air quality of Beijing arising from the use of new vehicle emission standards

An innovative approach of mean emission by vehicle type was used in this paper to assess the impact of new vehicle emission standards in Beijing, China during the period of 2000–2005. It was found that CO and NO_x emissions decreased by 48% and 23%, respectively, from Type O (before 2000) to Type I (year 2000) vehicles. The reductions from Type O to Type II (year 2002) vehicles were 85% and 73% for CO and NO_x, respectively. When all three types of vehicles (Types O, I and II) are combined, the annual per vehicle CO emissions decreased from 586 kg per vehicle per year in 2000 to 324 kg per vehicle per year in 2005, while that of NO_x decreased from 66.9 to 43.4 kg per vehicle per year, which was mainly resulted from the impact of stringent new vehicle emission standards implemented in years 2000 and 2002. However, the vehicle population increased by 70% during the same time period, which offset the impact of cleaner vehicles. Thus, the total vehicle emission decreased little for CO (885,000 tons in 2000, 837,000 tons in 2005) and even increased slightly for NO_x (101,000 and 112,000 tons in 2000 and 2005, respectively). The ambient concentrations of CO decreased significantly throughout 2000–2005, the same trend was not observed for NO₂. Correlation analysis (grey correlation and Pearson correlation) between the annual vehicle emissions and annual concentrations of CO, the annual NO_x emission and annual NO₂ concentration indicated that the implementation of new vehicle emission standards was associated with the abatement of ambient CO and NO₂ concentrations in Beijing.