Long-Term Planning of Waste Management System in the City of Regina – an Integrated Inexact Optimization Approach

In this study, an integrated solid waste management system based on inexact fuzzy-stochastic mixed integer linear programming (IFSMILP) has been applied to the long-term planning of waste management activities in the City of Regina. The model can effectively reflect dynamic, interactive, and uncertain characteristics of the solid waste management system in the city. The results have provided useful answers for the following questions: “What waste reduction goals are desired if the existing landfill's life is prolonged for 15 years?”, “What should be the waste flow allocation pattern in the city?”, “What should be done if the waste generation rate increases rapidly, while the relevant handling capacity is limited?”, and “What level of reliability will we have given the suggested waste management plan?”     

An Interval-Parameter Fuzzy-Stochastic Programming Approach for Municipal Solid Waste Management and Planning

In this study, an integrated fuzzy-stochastic linear programming model is developed and applied to municipal solid waste management. Methods of chance-constrained programming and fuzzy linear programming are incorporated within a general interval-parameter mixed-integer linear programming framework. It improves upon the existing optimization methods with advantages in uncertainty reflection, data availability, and computational requirement. The model can be used for answering questions related to types, times and sites of solid waste management practices, with the objective of minimizing system costs over the planning horizon. The model can effectively reflect dynamic, interactive, and uncertain characteristics of municipal waste management systems. In its solution process, the model is transformed into two deterministic submodels, corresponding to upper and lower bounds of the desired objective function values under a given significance level, based on an interactive algorithm. Results of the method's application to a hypothetical case indicate that reasonable outputs have been obtained. It demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed methodology.     

多源环境监测信息交换模型的设计与实现

针对环境监测系统现有的污染源管理、饮用水管理、噪声管理、自动监测管理等信息系统存在异构化、多源化等现象,造成数据重复录入、数据不一致、资源浪费等问题,展示了一种数据交换模型的设计思路和实现方法,介绍模型的数据抽取、数据封装、数据传递、数据解析、数据映射、校验和转换、数据接收等多个环节。该数据交换模型已成功实现与多个外部业务系统数据对接,现每天采集的数据超过5 000条,系统运行稳定、性能良好。     

Interval-parameter Fuzzy-stochastic Semi-infinite Mixed-integer Linear Programming for Waste Management under Uncertainty

An interval-parameter fuzzy-stochastic semi-infinite mixed-integer linear programming (IFSSIP) method is developed for waste management under uncertainties. The IFSSIP method integrates the fuzzy programming, chance-constrained programming, integer programming and interval semi-infinite programming within a general optimization framework. The model is applied to a waste management system with three disposal facilities, three municipalities, and three periods. Compared with the previous methods, IFSSIP have two major advantages. One is that it can help generate solutions for the stable ranges of the decision variables and objective function value under fuzzy satisfaction degree and different levels of probability of violating constraints, which are informative and flexible for solution users to interpret/justify. The other is that IFSSIP can not only handle uncertainties through constructing fuzzy and random parameter, but also reflect dynamic features of the system conditions through interval function of time over the planning horizon. By comparing IFSSIP with interval-parameter mixed-integer linear semi-infinite programming and parametric programming, the IFSSIP method is more reasonable than others.     

基于健康风险的危险废物智能化分级分类研究

在分析国内外危险废物分级管理经验的基础上,结合健康风险的评估步骤,提出了基于全过程危险废物污染物释放情景的精细化-动态健康风险评价方法。充分考虑处理利用工艺、企业管理水平等因素对于危险废物中污染物释放概率和能力的影响,并基于污染物向环境介质的迁移转化,定量评估危险废物的健康风险。基于危险废物污染特性数据库和事故情景数据库,结合全过程信息采集技术,构建危险废物分级分类管理平台,进行涉废企业的风险级别划分,实施差异化管理,形成更加科学有效的危险废物全过程精细化管理体系。     

国内外尾矿管理制度比较研究和展望

2020年，《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》修订完成，对固体废物的污染防治提出了新的要求。尾矿作为一般工业固体废物中产生量和贮存量最大的种类，存在突出的生态环境问题，已成为当前固体废物管理领域不可忽视的治理短板。通过梳理近年来尾矿产生和处置现状以及尾矿环境风险的特点，对比了国内外尾矿管理制度，并针对完善环境管理法规体系，落实尾矿减量化、资源化以及管控尾矿环境风险提出了对策建议。     

IFTCIP: An Integrated Optimization Model for Environmental Management under Uncertainty

In this study, an interval-fuzzy two-stage chance-constrained integer programming (IFTCIP) method is developed for supporting environmental management under uncertainty. The IFTCIP improves upon the existing interval, fuzzy, and two-stage programming approaches by allowing uncertainties expressed as probability distributions, fuzzy sets, and discrete intervals to be directly incorporated within a general mixed integer linear programming framework. It has advantages in uncertainty reflection, policy investigation, risk assessment, and capacity-expansion analysis in comparison to the other optimization methods. Moreover, it can help examine the risk of violating system constraints and the associated consequences. The developed method is applied to the planning for facility expansion and waste-flow allocation within a municipal solid waste management system. Violations of capacity constraints are allowed under a range of significance levels, which reflects tradeoffs between the system cost and the constraint-violation risk. The results indicate that reasonable solutions for both binary and continuous variables have been generated under different risk levels. They are useful for generating desired decision alternatives with minimized system cost and constraint-violation risk under various environmental, economic, and system-reliability conditions. Generally, willingness to take a higher risk of constraint violation will guarantee a lower system cost; a strong desire to acquire a lower risk will run into a higher system cost.     

与我国环境管理对接的大气污染源排放清单分析

环境管理与大气污染源清单对接的基础是环境管理数据体系。选取京津冀大气污染传输通道"2+26"城市中的14个城市实施访谈与问卷调查,普遍认为大气污染源清单的主要用途为大气污染应急、预警以及污染源解析,但由于环境统计、污染源监测和排污许可三大环境管理数据体系差异较大,导致环境管理数据的行业和工艺过程针对性不强,无法满足污染源清单的需求。造成该问题的主要原因在于基层生态环境部门技术储备不足、污染源信息分散以及数据管理任务分工不明确。促进环境管理与大气污染源清单的对接,重点在于污染源数据定期更新和环境管理数据的一体化,应着重形成多部门数据共享、全面和全过程环境管理以及人才和技术保障机制。     

A GIS-based Study for Optimizing the Total Emission Control Strategy in Lanzhou City

A geographic information system (GIS)-based approach with spatial analysis advantages was developed to optimize the total emission control scheme on air pollution in Lanzhou, combined with Models-3 modeling system and a linear programming model. GIS system is mainly used for establishing a multifactor assessment model to quantitatively divide environmental functional zone, and also used for selecting control sites in linear programming model. The results show that most of the urban area belongs to the second type of function, which is 122.8 km² occupying about 76.5% and the third type of about 32.9 km² occupying 20.5%. To reach the air quality up to the national standard in the entire control area, some large-emission factories need to cut emissions from 19% to 27%. For small but low-emission height sources, the cut may be as high 40%. The improvement of the ecological environment is urgently needed for controlling the background particle pollution in Lanzhou city.     

A Superiority-Inferiority-Based Inexact Fuzzy Stochastic Programming Approach for Solid Waste Management Under Uncertainty

A superiority–inferiority-based inexact fuzzy stochastic programming (SI-IFSP) model was developed for planning municipal solid waste management systems under uncertainty. The SI-IFSP approach represents a new attempt to tackle multiple uncertainties in objective function coefficients which are beyond the capabilities of existing inexact programming methods. Through introducing the concept of fuzzy random boundary interval, SI-IFSP is capable of reflecting multiple uncertainties (i.e., interval values, fuzzy sets, probability distributions, and their combinations) in both the objective function and constraints, leading to enhanced system robustness. The developed SI-IFSP method was applied to a case study of long-term municipal solid waste management. Useful solutions were generated. A number of decision alternatives could be generated based on projected applicable conditions, reflecting the compromise between system optimality and reliability as well as the tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives. Moreover, the consequences of system violations could be quantified through introducing a set of economic penalties, reflecting the relationships between system costs and constraint violation risks. The results suggest that the proposed SI-IFSP method can explicitly address complexities in municipal solid waste management systems and is applicable to practical waste management problems.     

跨界流域环境管理与预警——欧洲经验与启示

工业革命以后,欧洲流域的污染事故进入高发期,欧洲各国以流域为单位,共同商讨对策,联合开展治理工作,使流域水环境得到了很大的改善.目前,欧洲对流域的管理已经形成了一套较为科学、成熟的模式.针对中国水环境污染事故频发的状况,总结了莱茵河流域管理模式和多瑙河流域预警系统的发展经验,对构建中国流域范围内环境预警系统提出了相关思...     

Modeling Waste Incineration for Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis in Switzerland

This paper proposes a mathematical model for life-cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of waste incineration in Switzerland. In order to model conventional and new incineration technologies adequately, fundamental aspects of the different technologies relevant for the LCI are discussed. The environmental impact of these technologies strongly depends on the assessment of the long-term emissions of the solid incineration residues and is therefore related to value based decisions about the time horizon considered. The article illustrates that the choice of the landfill model has a significant influence on the results of life-cycle assessment of waste incineration.     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

水磨河污染调查与综合治理研究

在对水磨河水文现状、污染源数量及分布、废水及污染物排放情况、河流水质、流域内排水管网等情况进行认真调查的基础上,对其存在的环境问题进行详细分析,并提出了具体的综合治理建议.     

中国固体废物的环境管理与环境监测技术现状

为加强中国固体废物的环境管理和环境监测技术，回顾了中国自１９８５年以来制定的固体放心物环境管理法规制度以及１９８４年至１９９８年颁布的２０多年家或行业的固体废物处置标准体系等固体废物的环境管理状况，着重论述了中国固体废物环境监测技术的发展历史与现状。指出经过２０多年的努力，在固体废物环境监测技术与方法上初步形成了该领域框架体系，有固体废物的采样与制样技术；危险废物的有害特性试验鉴别方法，固体废物具     

Strategic Management Decision Support System: An Analysis of the Environmental Policy Issues

In this paper we present a new approach for modeling environmental problem as a bilevel programming problem. To the authors best knowledge, this is the first attempt to use bilivel techniques to tackle such problems. We derive at solution to help decision makers to cope with environmental policy issues. San Francisco, Bay Area is used as a real world example with the solution to their environmental problem.California is presently faced with a serious deficit of solid waste treatment and disposal facilities. Federal legislation has sought to compel the States to assure the capacity to treat and dispose of their own wastes and the California Legislature has enacted laws requiring the counties to initiate programs so that they can treat and dispose of their own wastes. Neither the federal nor the State programs have met with success in California. California continues to ship greater and greater amounts of waste out-of-state, and the majority of California counties have not instituted plans acceptable to the State government regarding the treatment and disposal of their own wastes.In the few cases where sitting and licensing programs have been proposed, the policy-makers charged with their evaluation have proceeded with largely intuitive, non-quantitative evaluation of policy options, often ignoring most of the financial and environmental implication of their decisions.We have developed a strategic management decision model that can evaluate multiple solid waste management options from both economic and environmental standpoints. Examples of problems a quantitative model might evaluate include the economic and environmental impacts of multiple treatment or disposal facilities as opposed to only one site; the environmental impact of taxing dirty waste streams, thus encouraging waste treatment and/or minimization on-site; and the social risk resulting from transportation risks assuming one or more multiple treatment or disposal sites or the use of alternative transportation routes.Because of extensive information presently available for the San Francisco Bay region, we have investigated the regional waste management problem there under several different treatment and disposal scenarios. As appropriate, results from this regional model and from authors earlier work [1] will be applied to California as a whole.     

水环境监测化验室废液处理方法的探讨

针对水环境监测化验室废液的特点，简要阐述了水环境监测化验室废液的来源、废液的收集及处理原则，提出了含不同污染物的化验室废液的处理方法。同时指出，对化验室废液必须进行管理而且需认真负责处理，从而尽可能地减少对环境的危害。     

苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统构建与实施

通过对苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统的建立背景、构建目标、系统概述、总体设计等方面的内容进行阐述,说明了苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统.可以为各级环保部门提供科学、准确的基础数据和决策依据,是提升环境监测监管的必经之路.     

区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

固定污染源监测体系发展回顾及"十四五"建议

党的十八大以来,特别是"十三五"时期我国固定污染源监测体系在管理制度、监测技术、信息平台、业务体系方面均取得了积极进展。但随着排污许可制度的全面实施,省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂改全面完成,减污降碳全面提级,我国固定污染源监测体系面临着专项制度不完善、自行监测数据质量监管压力大、基层执法监测高需求与低能力矛盾突出、减污降碳监测体系有待系统设计等突出问题。为了适应新形势下生态环境管理需求,建议:健全制度体系,研究制订《固定污染源监测管理办法》;完善技术体系和质控体系,加快快速、便携、智能化的污染源监测新技术体系及基于物联、信息技术的全流程、全链条质控体系的研究应用;优化业务体系,推动污染源执法监测与排污单位自行监测帮扶规范化和监测信息平台改造提升及应用。