可持续发展下环境伦理与原则

可持续发展理论与实践促进了环境伦理学的发展。环境伦理也从人类中心主义的环境伦理与非人类中心主义的环境伦理的分野走向人类中心主义的环境伦理、非人类中心主义环境伦理和可持续发展的环境伦理的鼎足。可持续发展的环境伦理是合理吸收人类中心主义环境伦理和非人类中心主义环境伦理并着眼于可持续发展的环境伦理 ,它要求人们在对待环境的行为中必须善待自然、关注未来和规范行为     

环境伦理:对人与自然和谐发展的伦理观照

环境伦理将人类之间的伦理关系延伸到了人与自然,认为人既依赖于自然,又作用于自然。人对自然界的依赖,是人与自然关系的基础;人对自然界的作用,是人与自然关系的核心。本文从环境伦理重塑人与自然的关系入手,提出环境伦理原则的确立,是人类对人与自然关系的理性判断,环境伦理是对人与自然和谐发展的伦理观照。     

生态伦理:可持续发展理论架构的基础

生态伦理作为可持续发展的基础理论构架的根据．主要体现在：从自然内在价值论与自然权利论的角度出发为可持续发展价值观提供了合理性证明：通过对人与自然间伦理关系的确定、道德原则规范的制定及对人类道德境界的全新诠释,为人类可持续发展提供了新的道德观支持;通过对“环境公正”理论的深入阐发．丰富和完善了“公正”这一可持续发展的核心理念。     

环境决策的伦理向度

环境决策是指决策在环境领域中的具体应用,即依据需求、偏好和价值观等一系列因素对开发、利用和保护环境等多项行为进行思考和评估,进而选择出最优决策方案的过程。相比一般的公共政策决策,环境决策表现出高度的不确定性、在时间和空间维度上的延展性以及广泛的社会性等特点。其实质是解决利益冲突问题,实现经济、社会与环境利益的协调平衡与可持续发展。它的深层根源在于人与人以及人与环境之间的价值冲突,而化解这些多元价值冲突离不开伦理判断。在实际环境决策中,主要有功利主义、道义论和美德伦理三种伦理形式作为支撑,但是作为一种人际伦理,它们在处理环境决策问题时都表现出不同程度的局限与束缚。环境伦理是对人际伦理的一种深度融合,它关注人与自然、人与社会以及自然与社会等多个层次的关系,主张环境正义、代际平等、尊重自然和环境协同等多项原则。其优势在于,它纳入了对动物、植物、整个生态系统的道德关怀,力图通过对自然内在价值的确立去消除传统的主客二元对立,从而更能为化解多元价值冲突提供合理有效的判断标准和衡量尺度。因此,从人际伦理走向环境伦理,是应对环境决策困境的应然之路,也是其最终伦理归宿。环境决策需要环境伦理的指导,而环境伦理也必然要对当前的环境决策困境做出回应。     

论可持续发展的思想与概念

本文阐述了可持续发展思想的形成与发展,从哲学、伦理、生态学、科学技术、社会经济和人类社会发展规律揭示了可持续发展思想形成的深刻背景,并从“天-人”、“人-地”和“人-人”关系定义了可持续发展的概念。     

可持续消费的三维伦理向度

20世纪以来,一系列具有全球性质的资源、环境、人口等问题日益凸显,人类经济社会的发展面临着严重的困境。无论是从人和自然的关系或是从人的全面发展角度,还是从消费的公平性角度来分析,纵欲享乐的消费主义方式都有很多无法回避的罪责,它不仅不利于人的全面发展,加剧人与自然的矛盾,而且激化了人与人之间的社会矛盾。正是通过对工业文明消费观的反思和批判,可持续消费伦理应运而生。可持续消费通过控制自身的消费保护资源、降低污染强度实现了人与自然共生共荣的伦理目标;通过节制过分的物质欲望、追求精神生活的完善增进了人与社会全面发展的伦理关怀;通过正确处理人类自身的当前利益和长远利益的关系、局部利益与整体利益关系强化了人与人和谐共处的伦理责任,可持续消费所具有的三维伦理向度,使其作为一种区别于传统消费方式的全新的消费方式和消费理念,成为人类应对危机理性的自觉和在新的历史发展时期的时代要求。     

建立可持续发展的大协调社会机制

本文运用大协调学的基本观点，提出了建立可持续发展社会机制的主张，并具体阐述了大协调经济机制、法律机制和伦理舆论机制。     

中国传统的天人关系理论与可持续发展的伦理学基础

本文认为,中国古代的天人关系论能够为可持续发展提供一种必要的伦理学基础,并在中国传统哲学“天人合一”观念的基础上提出了自然的价值、人在世界中的地位、人对自然的权利和义务的理论观点,这对可持续发展的伦理建设具有重大的理论和实践意义。     

儒家“天人合一”观：构建可持续发展理论的源泉

本文从可持续发展的目标、动力、方式、调控四个方面,分析“天人合一”观巨大的道德指导价值,并从儒家的“天人合一”观出发,对可持续发展的四个方面进行新的思考和定位。     

利益、价值与认知视域下的环境冲突及其伦理调适

从利益、价值与认知三维视域出发,分析了环境冲突的形成原因,考察了环境伦理对环境冲突的调适机理.环境冲突是社会主体利益、价值、认知多元化背景下多种因素综合的结果.从彼此间独断性的对立和冲突转向建设性的生态与互动,是化解环境冲突的根本路径.对此,环境伦理学具有其独特的价值和意义.环境伦理通过对环境价值的辩护,将自然拉进道德关注的视野,塑造和影响人们的利益、价值和认知结构,调适人类社会中工业文明以来不断制度化的生态缺失,从而作为一种积极的要素,推进各主体的利益、价值和认知由对立和冲突走向彼此共存的生态互动.     

Knowledge for sustainable development: a worldviews perspective

A huge tension exists between recognizing sustainable development (SD) as a meta-discourse and accepting a limitless interpretational width. We analyse the impacts of diversity of worldviews on the interpretation of SD—as a knowledge-based concept—through a critical literature review, resulting in recommendations on the topic. We apply a social-constructionist approach, appreciating the complex socio-ecological interactions at the heart of SD. Only recently worldviews are recognized as constitutive elements of SD. Little attention has been given to the impacts on generated knowledge for SD. Variety of worldviews induces a variety of knowledge claims and needs. To retain SD’s ‘universal’ appeal as practical decision-guiding strategy for policy and action, we propose an integrative approach towards knowledge for SD—entailing an explicit pluralization of knowledge. SD should be re-interpreted as a joint worldviews construct, embracing a diversity of views in collaborative research and co-production of knowledge. Interpreting SD as a joint endeavour is necessary to overcome historical obstacles like cultural hegemony and a hierarchy of knowledge systems. We identified the following requirements for an inclusive knowledge for SD paradigm: re-interpretation of SD as a worldview constructs in progress; interpretative flexibility; co-production of knowledge; subjectivity awareness and self-reflexivity; respect for a diversity of worldviews/knowledges; identifying shared goals; collaborative research; a systems approach; transdisciplinarity; and recognition of contextuality. Further research—concerning potential methodologies and typologies—to reconcile variety of worldviews and knowledge systems in a joint SD worldviews construct is urgently needed.     

经济高速增长条件下中国区域可持续发展状态的综合评价

本文从区域的可持续发展的观点出发,建立了全国的可持续发展指标体系,运用可持续发展指标对全国３１个省市区的经济发展、社会进步、资源与环境保障及可持续发展能力进行了综合评价,阐述了在高速增长经济条件下我国的可持续发展状态。     

Wind power projects in Brazil: challenges and opportunities increasing co-benefits and implications for climate and energy policies

The purpose of this article is to analyze the challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing sustainable development (SD) co-benefits delivered by clean development mechanism (CDM) wind power projects in northeastern Brazil and the resulting implications for climate and energy policies. Five methodological phases were met: First, a documentary research was conducted in the main CDM database; second was a literature review, creating the analytical framework and a survey questionnaire needed to assess the SD co-benefits from the projects; third, documentary research was used to enable ex-ante analysis of the SD co-benefits proposed in the CDM Project Design Documents (PDDs); fourth, survey allowed for the analysis of SD co-benefits perceived by project entrepreneurs (ex-post analysis); and finally, a comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post analyses was completed. The results show the importance of carrying out SD co-benefit studies after the implementation of CDM projects in order to learn lessons for new mechanisms of climate governance. The lowest SD co-benefits were water management improvement in the project influence area, soil pollution prevention, health and safety improvements and technology transfer. The greatest opportunities for increasing SD co-benefits come from the environmental licensing process and the strengthening of Corporate Social Responsibility. The greatest challenges are new technology development, stakeholders’ engagement and SD co-benefit audits. We conclude that the improvement of multi-level climate and energy governance plays a key role in increasing SD co-benefits.

     

Sustainable development integration in Greek schools of engineering: current situation,experiences and actions

In this paper, a comprehensive study regarding the assessment of sustainable development (SD) integration in Greek schools of engineering is presented. More specifically, the undergraduate and graduate curricula and websites of all schools of engineering in Greece were examined to identify SD-related content and actions. Moreover, a simple guide for embedding SD into engineering schools was established, based on the experiences of successful implementation and strategies from highly recognised technical universities worldwide, to benchmark the Greek experience and to propose indicative measures for incorporating SD teaching in Greek universities. Results indicated that changing the curriculum is not the only way to efficiently incorporate SD in universities, whereas there are gaps concerning the integration of sustainability principles and tools in Greek engineering universities. Furthermore, the initial steps of incorporating SD-related actions at an engineering department are presented and analysed indicating some characteristic key factors affecting the efficient incorporation of SD tools in engineering courses.     

Influencing factors on sustainable development: a case study in Quang Tri province,Vietnam

Background Sustainable development (SD) is a common concept. Knowledge and attitudes are essential in the SD process. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of local people about SD. Aim To study the factors that influence the understanding of the concept, contents, and indicators of different aspects affecting the health and environmental issues. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from June to July 2007 among 546 households in the Quang Tri province. Data were gathered on basis of socio-demographic variables, namely age, gender, education, occupation, income, and region. Chi square tests and multivariate analysis were performed on the obtained data. The data were cleaned and analysed using SPSS 15.0 for windows. Results Occupation is related to knowledge, attitude, or practice. Income is related to knowledge or practice. Gender related to only attitude. Lastly, region is related to attitude or practice. The proportion of wrong understanding about SD is 2.0 times (95% CI: 1.3; 3.1, p < 0.001) higher than that of the people who have good understanding about it. The rate of willingness to do any related SD programmes of the people who understanding is 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.4; 3.2, p < 0.001) higher than that of the people who have bad one. Conclusions This study shows that knowledge on sustainability of the local communities is low. Occupation and income influence understanding of SD more than region, age, gender, and education. Most of the local people who do not understand SD in general, do not want to participate or act in SD programmes.     

一般持续发展论（下）

本文比较全面地论述了持续发展的由来、概念、目标和战略要素。作者指出,持续发展的提出反映了人类对自身与环境关系的认识进入新阶段;是既满足当代人和局部需要又不危害后代人和全球满足需要能力的发展,包括一般持续发展论、全球持续性、区域持续性和部门持续性。作者认为,社会福利既包括人造产品也包括自然资本,持续发展的目标在于促进社会福利的增长与公平分配,以及生态系统的持续性;而达到持续发展目标的战略要素则包括经济结构的生态现代化、实行以预防为主的环境政策、经济机制的生态现代化、实行有控制的人口转变以及反贫困。在目标和战略要素的论述中,作者提出了发达和发展中国家(地区)应分别实行强持续性和弱持续性。     

ECCO模型:持续发展的全新定量分析方法

本文论述了持续发展的一种新的定量分析方法,即ECCO模型。该方法立足于能源,以能量强度来测试经济活动,主要计量单位是焦耳,而不是传统的货币单位。这一方法对持续发展的定量化研究有重大的意义。     

Gatekeepers of island communities: exploring the pillars of sustainable development

Sustainable development (SD) is generally recognised as having three dimensions, ecological, economic and social. Yet, its implementation is burdened with resistance and conflict rooted in the short-term ‘business as usual’ development model, opposed to the long-term sustainable benefit of local communities. Hence, the development of strategies to implement SD projects may require further differentiation of these dimensions in relation to the contextual situation in which the project resides. In two studies of SD projects on the Croatian islands, we identify five interlocking spheres of importance, Spiritual, Political, Economic, Educational and Health, in addition to Ecological. Each of these spheres is accessible through gate-keepers, individuals or a group of people who have the authority over the sector and as such, significantly influence public opinion. We suggest that in this particular island context the sustainability of these projects may lie with those gate-keepers. Hence, initiating and maintaining SD projects in these contexts requires a structured and targeted lobbying of these gate-keepers.     

三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及影响分析

以入湖水系、湖体、出湖口为研究区域,基于20多年的监测数据,运用水质单因子评价、综合营养状态指数(∑TLI)等评价方法,系统地分析了洞庭湖水文、水质、营养化状态的时空变化规律,探讨三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及原因。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖入湖水量及沙量均明显降低、水位变幅减小。(2)透明度(SD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、浮游植物等指标的时空分异特征较为明显,4个指标年均值均总体呈上升趋势,其中,SD、浮游植物种类数量及密度自三峡工程运行后变化尤为明显。西洞庭湖的SD高于南洞庭湖,东洞庭湖的SD最低。ρ(TP)在湖体最高,ρ(TN)则在湖体最低。(3)入湖水系水质最好,出湖口水质最差。入湖水系水质一直维持在Ⅱ～Ⅲ类之间,水质良好;出湖口、湖体水质自三峡工程运行后以Ⅳ～Ⅴ类为主,变劣趋势明显。湖体富营养化日趋严重,东洞庭湖的富营养程度稍高于西洞庭湖和南洞庭湖。(4)初步认为:洞庭湖水文水动力环境条件的变化,整体上对水质产生一定的不利影响,对湖体富营养化有一定的促进作用。