山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染特征与风险评价

在山东省范围内采集农田表层土壤样品91个,采用气相色谱法分析了7种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)的含量和组成,分析了其分布特征,比较了大田土壤和大棚土壤中该类农药含量的差异,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药总含量(∑_7SPs)范围在0.01—88.51μg·kg~(-1)之间,均值为5.65μg·kg~(-1).与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等偏低水平.山东省各地区的拟除虫菊酯含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的比例较高.部分地区大棚土壤中的含量高于大田土壤.风险评价结果表明,山东省农田土壤个别采样点中甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯具有生态风险,三分之一的采样点存在潜在生态风险,其余采样点不存在生态风险.     

气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪(GC-QTOF)分析土壤中多环芳烃和农药残留

采用气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(GC-QTOF)结合振荡提取方式对土壤中农药和多环芳烃进行准确鉴定.利用TOF精确质量数的提取可以有效的抗干扰,得到准确的结果.对土壤样品在0.1 mg·L-1浓度水平进行添加回收率测定,大部分农药和多环芳烃的回收率结果在70.0%—120.0%之间,相对标准偏差小于15.0%.在0.01 mg·L-1浓度水平下大部分的农药和多环芳烃在土壤基质中均能被检测出来,有很好的灵敏度.本方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,能够对土壤中痕量多组分农药残留和多环芳烃进行准确的定性和定量分析.     

固相微萃取在评价沉积物中菊酯类农药生物有效性及生物累积中的仿生研究

菊酯类农药已广泛用于农用、卫生、渔业等领域,因高疏水性累积于沉积物中的此类污染物的生物有效性评价对环境风险研究具有重要意义。采用PDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)高聚物作为固相微萃取材料,基于热力学平衡微损耗性方法测定了沉积物孔隙水中高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯菊酯和甲氰菊酯的自由溶解态浓度(Cfree);同时将PDMS上菊酯类农药的浓度与菲律宾蛤仔体内生物累积浓度的相关性进行了比较研究。结果表明,该方法可以准确测定菊酯类农药在沉积物孔隙水中的Cfree(23.3~255 ng·L-1)并用于评价此类物质(菊酯类农药)的生物有效性;菲律宾蛤仔对四种菊酯类农药的富集系数(BCF)为27.8~301,相对较小;菊酯类农药在PDMS上的浓度和菲律宾蛤仔体内的浓度满足lg Cb,lip=11.64lg CPDMS-51.29(R2=0.980)的定量关系,相关性极显著(P=0.009)。但生物—沉积物富集系数(BSAF)和PDMS-沉积物富集系数(PSAF)的分析比较发现,基于PDMS和生物体内菊酯浓度极显著相关的仿生应用还有待污染物在菲律宾蛤仔体内生物转化数据的进一步补充和校正。     

长江流域重庆段水体和沉积物中农药分布特征及风险评价

以长江干流重庆段、乌江和嘉陵江支流段作为研究对象,系统分析该研究区域水体和沉积物中农药的种类分布及污染状况;并对水体和沉积物中农药污染开展生态风险评估。结果表明,水体中共检出13种农药,总浓度范围为18.02～167.18 ng·L~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏、多菌灵和阿特拉津;沉积物中共检出12种农药,总浓度范围为7.08～38.35 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏和多菌灵;与国内其他地区的水体和沉积物中农药污染浓度相比,处于中等偏低的水平。水体中农药风险评估结果表明,敌敌畏和毒死蜱在大部分检测位点0.1≤RQ<1;在S7和S18监测位点中,敌敌畏、避蚊胺、阿特拉津和毒死蜱均0.1相似文献   

蜡状芽孢杆菌不同菌株降解有机磷农药的特性分析

筛选分离降解微生物解决有机磷农药残留给水体和土壤环境带来的污染问题是一项可行的生物修复技术。采用富集培养和定时取样分析有机磷农药残留的方法,分离驯化出三株能够降解有机磷农药的细菌,研究了其形态特征和生理生化特性并对其16SrDNA序列进行了分析,同时比较了三菌株对甲基对硫磷（Methyl－parathion）、毒死蜱（Chlorpyrifos）和_二唑磷（Triazophos）的降解特性。结果表明：通过富集培养得到10菌株具有降解甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱的能力,比较确定HY-1、HY-2和HY-4三菌株作为研究对象,经鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacilluscereus）的不同菌株,三菌株在Genbank上的登录号分别为：eu915687、eu915686和eu915688。在甲基对硫磷质量浓度为50mg·L-1时,三菌株72h的降解率分别为91．7％、87．7％与92．4％．降解率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,当甲基对硫磷质量浓度增加到100mg·L-1时,三菌株对甲基对硫磷的降解率有所下降,其中HY-2对甲基对硫磷的降解率下降最大达23％,且和其他两菌株有显著性差异（P〈0．05o三菌株72h对100mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率分别达到64．8％、53．7％和56．5％,在不同的毒死蜱初始质量浓度下,HY-1和HY-4两菌株对毒死蜱的降解率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,HY-2与HY-1、HY-4两菌株有显著性差异（P〈0．05o三菌株对三唑磷的降解率均较低,其中HY-2对初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1三唑磷的降解率最高仅为20．7％,其余两菌株对三唑磷的降解率比HY-2低且无显著性差异（P〉0．05o可以得出本研究分离得到的蜡状芽孢杆菌不同菌株对有机磷农药的降解存在多态性。     

有机肥中4类典型兽药抗生素的多残留测定

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（SPE—UPLC—MS／MS）法同时测定有机肥中7种磺胺类、4种氟喹诺酮类、4种四环素类和3种大环内酯类抗生素残留的方法。采用乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液（pH=3）的混合液作为有机肥样品的提取溶液,用强阴离子交换柱（SAX）-亲水亲脂平衡萃取柱（HLB）串联进行提取液的富集和纯化。以甲醇-φ=0．1％的甲酸溶液作为流动相,进行液相质谱分析。18种抗生素在5—500μg·kg-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好,决定系数（r2）1〉0．99。以3倍信噪比估算磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和大环内酯类的检测限分别为0．37～4．65、0．43—2．42、0．94～2．78和0．83～4．20μg·kg-1,这4类抗生素50和500μg·kg。2个添加水平的样品平均加标回收率分别为71．6％～94．3％、72．3％～86．7％、71．0％～102．2％和70．7％～93．3％,相对标准偏差在2．1％～11．4％之间。采用所建方法对南京地区市售8种有机肥中18种抗生素含量的测定结果显示,除磺胺类外,其他抗生素均有不同程度的检出。     

GC-MS测定土壤中阿特拉津、六氯苯等十种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-质谱-选择离子监测(GC-MS-SIM)同时测定土壤中10种农药(三嗪类除草剂、酰胺类除草剂和有机氯农药)的多残留分析方法.样品采用正己烷/丙酮(1:1,V/V)超声提取、氟罗里硅土柱层析净化、GC-MS-SIM测定.10种农药在0.01(0.02)-1.0(2.0)mg·l~(-1)范围内线性良好,相关系数介于0.9963-0.9998之间;在10,50和250 ng·g~(-1)添加水平下,平均回收率介于81%-117%之间,相对标准偏差均小于14.4%;方法检出限达到ppb至sub-ppb级(0.1-1.3 ng·g~(-1)).将此方法应用于辽宁省不同性质土壤中70个实际土壤样品的分析,阿特拉津、乙草胺、六氯苯、丁草胺、狄氏剂和艾氏剂有检出,该法对不同性质土壤具有广泛适用性.     

采用安捷伦5977B GC-MS测定土壤中有机氯农药含量

本文采用安捷伦7890B_5977B GC-MS测定土壤样品中的有机氯农药含量.本文中所涉及的样品前处理方法以及仪器分析方法完全参考环境标准《土壤和沉积物有机氯农药的测定气相色谱-质谱法》环境报批稿以及土壤样品前处理标准HJ783-2016规定的样品前处理要求和仪器分析条件.采用加压快速溶剂萃取的提取方法,结合弗罗里硅土净化法,对土壤样品进行提取与净化,建立了详细的前处理标准操作步骤和方法分析流程.此方法成功应用于土壤中26种有机氯农药的分析测定,样品加标回收率达到了73.0%—116.2%(标准要求40%—150%),仪器最低检出限为0.07—0.39μg·kg~(-1)(标准0.02—0.09 mg·kg~(-1)),方法检出限为0.01—0.08μg·kg~(-1)(标准0.08—0.36 mg·kg~(-1)).     

水体和甘蓝及土壤中毒死蜱残留检测方法

研究运用不同的样品前处理方式,在装配火焰光度检测器的气相色谱(GC-FPD)上检测,建立了有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱在水样、土壤和甘蓝中的残留测定方法.研究表明,不同样品中的毒死蜱残留采用本文中介绍的前处理方法是可行的,用石油醚盐析提取和净化水样中毒死蜱,采用丙酮振荡提取甘蓝中毒死蜱,选用索氏提取法提取土壤中毒死蜱,并经液液分配净化后,采用OV-101大口径毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×1.0μm),在装配火焰光度检测器(FPD和磷滤光片)的气相色谱上测定.该分析方法下,毒死蜱的保留时间为1.74 min,线性范围在1.0×10-11—1.0×10-8g之间,其线性相关系数为0.9998,最小检出量为2.0×10-12g.在设定的较低添加浓度的条件下,毒死蜱在水样、土壤与甘蓝上的添加回收率为80%—120%,变异系数均小于5%.该分析方法灵敏、准确、操作简便,适合水样、甘蓝和土壤中低浓度毒死蜱的残留检测.     

环境样品中乙虫腈及其代谢产物残留量分析

采用加速溶剂萃取提取、florisil固相萃取小柱净化,建立了环境样品中乙虫腈农药及其代谢产物的气相色谱(电子捕获检测器)测定方法.试验结果表明,土壤、水稻植株、稻壳和稻米中乙虫腈及其代谢产物的最低检测量为0.0l mg· kg-1,稻田水中为0.01 mg·L-1.在该方法条件下,稻田水、土壤、水稻植株、稻壳和糙米中乙虫腈及其代谢产物的平均回收率为72.8％～103.6％,相对标准偏差为1.3％～12.5％.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.