不同施肥水平下菜地耕层土壤中氮磷淋溶损失特征

采用负压式土壤溶液取样器采集不同施肥水平(常规、减量20%和减量30%施肥处理,即N1、N2和N3)下城郊菜地耕层土壤(10、20和30 cm)的淋溶液,分析了总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~-)、铵态氮(NH_4~+)、总磷(TP)和溶解态磷(DP)浓度,旨在研究不同施肥水平下菜地不同耕层土壤中氮素与磷素的淋溶损失特征。研究结果:(1)不同施肥水平下,菜地耕层土壤TN、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、TP和DP淋溶质量浓度范围分别为5.24~292、3.47~271、0.16~9.47、1.66~20.6和1.63~17.7mg·L~(-1),平均质量浓度分别为38.9~113、36.0~105、1.01~2.13、3.75~12.7和3.55~11.8 mg·L~(-1);(2)氮素主要以NO3-形式发生淋溶损失,作物生长初期是菜地耕层土壤氮素淋溶损失的主要时期;减量施肥30%能有效降低耕层土壤氮素的淋溶损失,其TN和NO_3~-的淋溶质量浓度较常规施肥处理分别显著降低了58.4%和59.0%(P0.05);不同深度耕层土壤中TN和NO3-淋溶质量浓度没有显著性差异(P0.05);(3)磷素主要以DP形式发生淋溶损失,耕层土壤中TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度为20 cm10 cm30 cm(P0.05);减量20%和减量30%施肥均能有效降低耕层土壤中磷素的淋溶损失,减量20%施肥处理TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度分别显著下降了27.8%和27.6%(P0.05),而减量20%施肥处理TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度分别显著降低了44.6%和43.8%(P0.05)。结果表明,城郊菜地耕层土壤中氮素和磷素养分存在一定的淋失风险,减量施肥措施能有效降低菜地耕层土壤中氮素与磷素的淋溶损失,是降低耕层土壤氮磷淋失风险的有效措施。     

有机肥与磷肥配施对滨海盐渍化土壤磷素淋洗风险的影响

针对滨海盐渍化土壤水稻种植过程中出现的磷素淋洗风险,采用田间微区试验,研究了不同用量有机肥和磷肥对滨海盐渍化土壤有效磷含量及磷素淋洗风险的影响。试验设磷肥与有机肥两个因素,3个磷(P_2O_5)水平,分别为P0:无磷,0kg·hm~(-2);P1:低磷,64 kg·hm~(-2);P2:高磷,128 kg·hm~(-2)。3个有机肥(碳)水平,分别为C0:无碳(有机肥0 kg·hm~(-2));C1:低碳,450 kg·hm~(-2)(有机肥1 000 kg·hm~(-2));C2:高碳,900 k·hm~(-2)(有机肥2 000 kg·hm~(-2))。共设7个处理:T1:无磷施用;T2:低磷;T3:高磷;T4:低碳低磷;T5:低碳高磷;T6:高碳低磷;T7:高碳高磷。结果表明,磷肥施用显著提高了土壤剖面中H2O-P、Na HCO3-P含量;低磷低碳处理下0~20 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度(DPS)较低磷处理低,其他土层土壤中磷饱和度无显著变化;而低磷高碳处理可显著提高40~60 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度,高于28.1%的临界饱和度;高磷低碳处理表层土壤有效磷含量为31.8 mg·kg~(-1),对整个剖面土壤中磷饱和度影响不大,磷素淋洗风险较小;而高磷高碳处理在提高表层土壤有效磷含量的同时,显著提高了20~40、40~60 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度,且均高于临界饱和度,导致整个土壤剖面具有很高的磷素淋失风险。在滨海盐渍化土壤水稻种植中,配施450 kg·hm~(-2) C和64 kg·hm~(-2) P_2O_5(碳磷比为15.1)时,磷素淋洗风险较低,而过量施用磷肥和有机肥将导致土壤磷素淋洗,利用效率降低。     

长期定位施肥土壤有效磷与速效钾的剖面分布及对作物产量的影响

通过25年的长期定位试验研究不同的施肥方式对土壤有效磷与速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响。研究结果表明：有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够大大提高土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,施肥主要影响土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,对其它土层影响不明显。有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够提高土壤耕层速效钾的质量分数,对20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾质量分数也有提高作用。化肥配合有机肥施用稻谷的产量高于单施化肥或单施有机肥,单施化肥或单施有机肥稻谷的产量高于不施肥的对照。因此,为了提高土壤肥力与作物产量,最好的培肥方式是有机肥配施氮磷钾肥。     

长期施肥农田黑土微生物量碳、氮季节性变化

研究长期不同施肥处理农田黑土微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)季节性特征,于不同月份采集单施化肥(NPK)、单倍有机肥(M)、双倍有机肥(M2)、单倍有机肥与化肥配施(MNPK)和对照(CK)处理土样。结果表明:与其它处理相比,M2处理MBC、MBN季节性变化较小。MBC季节性变化规律为:4月(春耕前)各处理较高,其它月份较低,CK、NPK、MNPK的最低值出现在5月(出苗期),M和M2的最低值出现在7月(拔节期),8、9月(灌浆期和收获后)各处理略有回升。MBN变化规律为:4月NPK、M、MNPK较低,其它月份较高,4、8月CK较低,其它月份较高。所有月份各处理均值方差分析结果表明:与CK相比,NPK、M、MNPK、M2均能提高MBC和MBN,其中M、MNPK、M2对MBC的提高达到显著水平(p<0.01),M对MBN的提高达到显著水平(p<0.01),其它处理未达到显著水平。另外,长期适量施用有机肥可以提高土壤微生物对有机碳及全氮的利用率。微生物量碳与土壤基本理化指标相关性显著,能够较好地反映出土壤质量变化情况。     

长期不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土可培养微生物数量和酶活性的影响

以砂姜黑土长期定位土壤培肥试验(1981年—)为依托,研究了长期不施肥CK、长期单施化肥NPK、长期单施有机肥M、长期有机肥与化肥配施MNPK(等氮)和HMNPK(高氮)对砂姜黑土可培养微生物数量和酶活性的影响,揭示砂姜黑土微生物数量和酶活性对不同施肥模式的响应机制,以期为改善砂姜黑土肥力和质量提供科学依据和理论支持。结果表明,CK细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌数量明显低于其它施肥处理,灌浆中期M细菌、放线菌和固氮菌数量显著高于NPK,而真菌数量在M与NPK间差异不显著。MNPK和HMNPK细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著高于NPK和M,其中灌浆中期MNPK比NPK和M分别增加了47.0%、21.1%、32.1%和23.2%、11.7%、20.2%。MNPK与HMNPK细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在灌浆中期差异皆不显著,而固氮菌数量MNPK显著高于HMNPK。灌浆中期M转化酶、脱氢酶、酸性和中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性显著高于NPK,分别增加20.9%、22.1%、17.7%、18.4%、10.0%。长期有机肥与化肥配施相对于长期单施有机肥和化肥可以明显提高土壤转化酶、脱氢酶、酸性和中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性。HMNPK的脱氢酶活性显著高于MNPK,而转化酶、酸性和中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性与MNPK差异不显著。土壤中转化酶、脱氢酶、酸性和中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性皆与细菌、真菌、放线菌呈显著正相关关系,与固氮菌正相关不显著。有机肥与化肥配施最利于提高砂姜黑土微生物数量和酶活性,其次为单施有机肥,有机肥与化肥配施下增加施氮量对土壤微生物数量和酶活性提高作用不大,甚至导致固氮菌数量的下降。     

黄土旱塬垄膜沟播小麦产量及土壤微生物量对施肥的响应

垄膜沟播是黄土旱塬麦田一种典型种植方式,覆膜条件下不同肥料肥效及其对微生物群落结构的影响均不同.在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,通过2年大田试验系统分析传统农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(MF)、监控施肥配施有机肥(MFM)和监控施肥配施生物有机肥(MFB)4种施肥措施对冬小麦产量形成及土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的影响.结果表明,通过优化平衡施肥可显著提高黄土旱塬冬小麦产量,其中MFB处理籽粒产量最高,达4 107-5 400 kg/hm2,较FF处理高14.5%-23.2%(P0.05).不同施肥措施主要通过影响成穗数来影响冬小麦的产量形成,对冬小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响均不显著.土壤微生物量受冬小麦生育期进程和施肥措施共同影响,其中微生物量碳在拔节期至扬花期最高,微生物量氮、磷均在拔节期达最高值.不同生育期间土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的变化率总体在50%以下,而优化施肥措施对土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的平均贡献率则可达90%.配施生物有机肥或配施有机肥较单施化肥可显著提高冬小麦生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷,但MFM和MFB处理间的土壤微生物碳和氮差异不显著,而MFB处理由于混合磷细菌的作用,其土壤微生物量磷较MFM处理高19.8%-47.1%(P0.05).各处理土壤微生物量碳氮比和碳磷比分别在6.9-9.8和14.4-41.0,且均在冬小麦扬花期达最大值.综上所述,在黄土旱塬垄膜沟播种植条件下,通过监控施肥配施生物有机肥可有效提高冬小麦产量和土壤微生物量.     

南京东郊蔬菜种植基地地表水氮、磷、重金属含量及影响因素

南京东郊典型蔬菜基地地表水环境质量的调查分析表明:(1)在当前的生产和生活条件下,地表水尚未受Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr污染,但有不同程度的氮、磷污染。(2)河流氮、磷污染比池塘严重。河流水中氨氮和水溶性磷的比例相对较高,而池塘水中硝态氮、有机氮和有机磷的比例相对较高,这种差别有助于识别地表水中氮、磷的来源。河流底泥中总氮、总磷和重金属含量(Cr除外)比塘泥高,表明河水氮、磷及重金属污染风险比池塘水高。(3)南京东郊蔬菜基地地表水中氮、磷及重金属主要来自城市生活污水的排放,其次来自蔬菜栽培中有机肥过量投入造成的流失。因此,保护城郊地表水应从城市生活污水净化和蔬菜栽培中有机肥的合理施用入手。     

南京东郊蔬菜种植基地地表水氮、磷、重金属含量及影响因素

南京东郊典型蔬菜基地地表水环境质量的调查分析表明：(1)在当前的生产和生活条件下，地表水尚未受Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr污染，但有不同程度的氮、磷污染。(2)河流氮、磷污染比池塘严重。河流水中氨氮和水溶性磷的比例相对较高，而池塘水中硝态氮、有机氮和有机磷的比例相对较高，这种差别有助于识别地表水中氮、磷的来源。河流底泥中总氮、总磷和重金属含量(Cr除外)比塘泥高，表明河水氮、磷及重金属污染风险比池塘水高。(3)南京东郊蔬菜基地地表水中氮、磷及重金属主要来自城市生活污水的排放，其次来自蔬菜栽培中有机肥过量投入造成的流失。因此，保护城郊地表水应从城市生活污水净化和蔬菜栽培中有机肥的合理施用入手。     

不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响

采用田间试验研究不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响。结果表明,N2O释放量随着耕层土壤硝态氮含量增加而上升。不同施肥处理对N2O排放量影响不同,低氮处理(N1)排放量(整个玉米生育期按185d计算)为1.18kg·hm-2,高氮处理(N2)为2.39kg·hm-2。随着施氮量的增加,反硝化作用加强,N2O排放量上升,以N2O形式损失加剧。相同施氮水平条件下,随着有机肥施入量的增加土壤N2O排放量上升,其中以高氮高有机肥处理(M2N2)N2O排放量最高,达到了7.05kg·hm-2,占所投入氮肥的2.34%。相同氮素供应水平条件下增施磷、钾肥,也会增加N2O排放量。整个玉米生育时期通过N2O排放损失的肥料占投入氮肥比例为0.99%～2.46%。     

菜田养分资源综合管理与可持续发展

过量施肥通常导致集约化菜田土壤质量劣化、养分利用效率低及环境风险增加。合理的养分资源管理需要考虑蔬菜的养分吸收规律、土壤养分的迁移和转化及环境养分供应的特点。由于土壤氮素具有较强的移动性,氮素养分资源管理可通过根层氮素实时监控来实现;而磷和钾养分水平在土壤中相对比较稳定,可采取衡量监控技术决定养分的需要量。菜田有机肥的投入总量及其氮磷养分的释放特点也是养分资源管理中的重要内容。有机肥施用于新菜田应考虑“以氮定量”的原则,而施用于土壤有效磷过量累积的老菜田,应采取“以磷定量”原则,来控制有机肥中的磷素投入;根据不同有机肥的氮磷释放特点的差异,可搭配施用不同比例和类型有机肥,以满足作物主要生育期的养分需求,减少环境污染的风险。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.