关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题

我国燃煤消耗量很大,排放二氧化硫而引起的酸雨污染正引起国内外,特别是东亚地区各国的重视。本文通过4个方面探讨我国酸雨中污染物的输送问题：酸雨输送研究方式和湿沉降过程;我国酸雨分布和硫酸型特点;酸雨与天气系统的关系;我国典型酸雨区研究的成果。由此说明酸雨作为污染物的湿沉降,其前体物的主要部分涉及输送可能是中距离的,即几百公里以内。我国排放污染物对邻国酸雨长距离输送的影响可能存在,但影响究竟有多大则有待于大规模详细研究的结果。     

模拟酸雨对蕃茄生长影响的试验

酸雨是当今世界上面临的重要环境污染问题之一,酸雨对森林、农作物的影响已引起人们的关注。在我国,酸雨主要发生在长江以南,尤以四川、贵州为严重。局部地区酸雨发生频率较高,小于pH4的酸雨时有出现,对森林及农作物已产生一定的危害。笔     

重庆市酸雨严重必须高度重视

酸雨是当代最严重的环境问题之一。五十年代以来很多国家对雨水的酸化非常关注,尤其是日本、美国、北欧等国,这些国家的酸雨给本地区生态系统、农业、水产资源带来了严重的危害。最近几年来我国已开始监测和研究酸雨,1981年全国环境保护科技情报网和中国科学院环境科学情报网联合召开降水污染和酸雨问题讨论会,把酸雨研究工作向前推进了一步。国务院环办开展了对全国酸雨的普查工作,发现我国长江以南和西南地区的一些城市出现酸雨,其中以西南地区的重庆和贵州最为严重,降水的pH     

水稻生长期间喷淋酸雨的试验研究

酸雨对于城市建筑物、森林、渔业和包括农作物在内的各种植物的影响,引起了人们的关注。目前酸雨对农作物的影响已成为一个重要的研究课题。我国南方的主要农作物是水稻,而南方又是酸雨较多的地区,研究酸雨对水稻生长的影响有一定的现实意义。我们于1984年5月至10月期间进行了酸雨对水稻生长影响的模拟试验,探讨酸雨对水稻生长发育的影响。     

厦门市酸雨分布特征与气象条件的关系分析

厦门市是我国酸雨控制区之一。文章利用1992～2005年厦门市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料来分析厦门市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,分析结果表明:(1)不同等级的降水对降水酸度和酸雨出现率有明显影响,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更酸,酸雨出现率更高。(2)K指数、850～700hPa层的冷暖平流对酸雨污染没有明显影响。(3)酸雨出现率随着1500m高空风速的增大而增多,风向变化对降水酸度和酸雨出现机率的影响不大。(4)逆温对酸雨污染的有一定的影响。     

我国酸雨特征及防治设想

<正> 一、我国酸雨特征近年来,世界上降落酸雨的地方越来越多,雨水的酸度也越来越强、酸雨被认为是当今最严重的环境问题之一。一九八二年,我国在酸雨普查中,发现酸雨出现频率为50%以上的市有14个之多,除吉林,甘肃和宁夏外,其他二十多个省、市、自治区均出现酸雨。我国酸雨主要集中在长江以南,并由北向南逐渐加重,以西南地区最为严重。降水平均PH值小于5.6的城市几乎全部集中在长江以南。由此可知,我国的酸雨分布呈明显     

重庆市酸雨成因及控制对策

重庆是我国酸雨最严重的地区之一 ,本文分析了重庆市酸雨现状及污染特征 ,指出重庆特殊的气象条件和能源结构是酸雨形成的最主要原因。比照国家对酸控区的紧迫要求 ,重庆市在酸雨控制上差距甚大。基于此 ,本文提出了重庆酸雨控制“高低结合、总量控制”的战略 ,和以优化产业结构为前导、以调整能源生产与消费结构为核心 ,以控制低空面源与高架点源为重点的酸雨控制方案。     

酸雨对四川盆地水体影响的初步调查

由酸雨带来的环境污染,已日趋成为全球性公害之一。酸雨的生态影响是一缓慢发展过程,开始往往不易觉察,随着水体缓冲能力的下降,水质酸化,鱼类生物灭迹。近年来,环境保护部门对大气降水的监测表明,酸雨在我国一些城市比较严重。酸雨对我国水生态系究竟有无影响,有何种程度的影响,是人们迫切关心的问题。为此,对酸雨较严重的四川盆地水体进行了初步调查。     

影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素探讨

利用酸雨监测网的实测数据对影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素进行了深入分析,结果表明:首要影响因素是酸雨监测网的站点数量及其空间分布,可导致在同一插值与地统计方法下所获得的酸雨区的分布存在较大差异;其次是选择正确、合适的空间插值方法及其相应参数的设置,反距离加权(IDW)插值法的重酸雨区分布比克里格(Kriging)插值法多而广;最后是精确的面积比测算方法,网格法计算的酸雨区面积比小于等值面法.建议我国酸雨监测网建设应优先在西藏、内蒙古北部及西部等地区布点,进行酸雨区空间分析时应采用多种插值方法进行比较与分析评估,确保在现有酸雨监测网的基础上获得精确、可靠的酸雨区空间分布.     

中国环境科学学会召开首次酸雨研讨会

酸雨是当前举世瞩目的重要环境问题,我国长江以南存在较大面积的酸雨污染区,其中尤以四川、贵州、湖南等地严重。国务院领导及国家环保局十分重视,已将酸雨列入“七五”期间国家重点科技攻关项目。自1980年以来,重庆、贵阳和中国科学院、中国环境科学院等许多地区和单位对我国酸雨进行了监测与研究,取得了一批可喜成果。为了及时交流近几年酸     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.