用SSR标记检测同源四倍体与二倍体水稻的遗传差异

随机选用分布于水稻(Oryza stativa L.)12条染色体上的15对SSR(simplej sequence repeats)引物，对18种中科院成都生物所培育的四倍体水稻和9种大面积种植的二倍体水稻进行了SSR多态性分析．11对具多态性的引物共检测到33条多态性条带，平均每对引物检测到3个等位基因．研究结果发现，所用同源四倍体水稻的基因组与二倍体水稻基因组大部分相同，只是在某些位点上具有差异，并筛选出部分SSR标记来区分二倍体与其同源四倍体．本研究还对二倍体与同源四倍体之间遗传差异的原因进行了初步的探讨．图2表2参12     

水稻Wx基因PCR-Acc Ⅰ标记与稻米AC的关系及其辅助育种效果

利用PCR-AccⅠ分子标记分析了105个水稻品种的Wx基因型,结果表明,用该标记检测的Wx基因型与该品种的稻米直链淀粉含量有较好的对应关系,利用PCR-AccⅠ标记可以鉴别籼稻品种直链淀粉含量的高或低;同时,对2个杂交组合F2分离群体的分析表明,PCR-AccI标记与稻米直链淀粉含量是紧密连锁、共分离的.另一方面,以直链淀粉含量中等的优质籼稻保持系D香1B为优质Wx基因供体,运用PCR-AccⅠ分子标记辅助选择,对综合性状优良、配合力高,但直链淀粉含量过高、品质欠佳的籼稻保持系G46B进行品质改良,结果在BC3F2代成功获得了直链淀粉含量中等的纯合TT基因型目标植株,表明PCR-AccⅠ标记用于优质Wx基因的分子标记辅助选择育种是有效的,因而该标记对改良稻米品质有重要作用.图2表3参13     

同源四倍体水稻亲本材料的结实研究

研究了2份二倍体水稻和29份同源四倍体水稻(2n=4x=48)亲本(其中4份低代材料、25份高代材料)在2004年和2005年的结实情况.与二倍体对照相比,同源四倍体材料的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降,尤其低代材料的花粉育性(59.6%～65.3%)和结实率(26.8%～33.5%)大幅度降低;但经过选择改良,大多数材料的花粉育性和结实率均不同程度提高.F检验表明,同源四倍体不同品种间各性状均差异显著,说明同源四倍体材料具有很大的改良潜力.从1996年到2005年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良,并对其结实率进行T检验,结果表明经过9a的选择改良,同源四倍体水稻结实率显著提高.本文还对同源四倍体水稻各性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明,结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关,理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关.表3图1参18     

水稻杂交后代表观直锭淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因（CT）n微卫？…

以来自２个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料，研究了蜡质基因（ＷＸ）微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数ｗ（ＡＡ）之间的相关性。第１个群体是浙农８０１０与嘉育２９３的杂交Ｆ５６代育种品系，双亲均为灿稻，ｗ（ＡＡ（分别是８．７％和２５．６％，Ｗｘ基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８／（ＣＴ）１８和（ＣＴ）１１／（ＣＴ）１１，另一群体为ＣＭ１０１与ＩＧＲＡ４０９杂交Ｆ５家系，亲本ＣＭ１０１为一个粳     

糯稻和非糯稻蜡质基因的新STS分子标记

通过对前人公布的糯性水稻蜡质基因全序列测定结果的分析,根据糯性水稻与非糯性水稻蜡质基因序列位点的差异,设计了两个基于PCR扩增反应的可特异识别糯性水稻的显性和共显性STS分子标记;同时在前人公布的非糯性水稻蜡质基因的不同类型(Wxa和Wxb)的全序列比对分析的基础上,选取了两种基因型特定的差异位点,设计了两个基于PCR扩增反应用于特异识别这两种Wx基因的显性STS分子标记,并用新建立的标记对相应的水稻基因型进行了检测.图2表2参10     

糯小麦回交改良群体中Wx基因的遗传和品质效应

在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失对降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。研究发现,在Wx基因的所有8种基因型之间,直链淀粉含量差异显著;研究单缺失基因型发现,对直链淀粉含量减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b,而Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b没有显著差异;研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力以Wx-B1a最高,Wx-A1a最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a差异很小.直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合.直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质.全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其它粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932).表5参37     

水稻H14早熟性的遗传分析及基因定位

品种生育期是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,对水稻生育期基因进行定位具有重要意义.水稻籼粳中间型材料H14具有显性早熟特性,它与多个不同类型的中、迟熟品种杂交,F1抽穗期均与早熟亲本H14相近或更早.H14与明恢63和蜀恢881等杂交F2和B1F1抽穗期呈双峰分布,从峰谷处进行分组,早熟植株与迟熟植株分离比经χ2测验分别符合3:1和1:1,表明该早熟特性主要受一对显性基因控制.以H14/明恢63 F2作定位群体,采用微卫星标记将H14所携带的显性早熟基因定位于水稻第6染色体短臂,位于微卫星标记RM314和RM276的一侧,与RM314的遗传距离为8.2 cM.认为该基因是一个新的水稻显性早熟基因,暂命名为Ef-h(t).图3表2参22     

水稻杂交后代表观直链淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因(CT)n微卫星多态性的相关性

以来自２ 个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料,研究了蜡质基因（ Ｗｘ） 微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ 多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数（ ｗ（ＡＡ）） 之间的相关性． 第１ 个群体是浙农８０１０ 与嘉育２９３ 的杂交Ｆ６ 代育种品系,双亲均为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） 分别为８ ．７％ 和２５．６ ％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ 和（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．另一群体为ＣＭ１０１ 与ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 杂交Ｆ５ 家系,亲本ＣＭ１０１ 为一个粳型糯稻,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ;ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） ＝ ２７．５％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．结果发现,在２ 个杂交组合的后代群体中,高ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料Ｗｘ 基因型均为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ,低ｗ（ＡＡ） 及糯稻的均为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ,中等ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料的则为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１１ 的杂合体．统计分析表明,Ｗｘ 基因型与ｗ（ＡＡ）之间存在显著的相关性,在浙农８０１０×嘉育２９３ 和ＣＭ１０１ ×ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 两个群体中相关系数分别达０ ．９５０９ 和０．９７０４．     

粗山羊草间杂交及抗条锈病新基因遗传分析和分子标记

粗山羊草是小麦野生近缘属种,是D基因组的供体,蕴含大量的抗病资源,是进行小麦遗传改良的重要资源.选取条锈病免疫材料Y206和高度感病材料Y121杂交后代进行遗传分析和抗病性鉴定.从粗山羊草[Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Schmal]Y206中鉴定出1个显性抗小麦条锈病基因,暂定名为YrY206.并利用SSR分子标记对该抗病基因标记定位,应用分离群体分组法(Bulked segregant analysis,BSA)筛选到Wmc11a、Xgwm71c、Xgwm161和xgwm183标记,与该基因之间的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM、3.3 cM、1.5 cM和9.3 cM.根据连锁标记所在小麦微卫星图谱的位置,YrY206被定位在3DS染色体上,可能是一个新的抗小麦条锈病基因.图2表2参22     

玉米性别决定基因TASSELSEED2及其同源基因的分子进化特征

TS2是最早在玉米中发现的性别决定基因,但是在其他的单性花或者两性花的被子植物中其同源基因是否也与花的性别形成有关以及其进化特征仍不清楚.以玉米性别决定基因TASSELSEED2(TS2)为检索序列,通过BLAST搜索得到21个测序植物物种的27个TS2同源基因,并利用生物信息学和比较基因组学方法详细分析了这些TS2基因的序列特征、进化关系及选择压力.结果表明,植物TS2基因具有3种基因结构类型、2种典型的功能结构域和7种保守基序组织模式,且单性花和两性花植物间并没有表现出特异性.系统进化树显示,以江南卷柏TS2蛋白为系统树基部,除了PtrTS2b、SlaTS2、CsaTS2和CpaTS2这4种单性花的TS2蛋白外,剩余22个植物TS2蛋白被划分为4个亚群.值得注意的是,除杨树外,其余4种单性花植物的TS2基因距离较远,均单独为一分支.进一步对4个亚群的选择位点分析发现,这些亚群共包含出24个正选择位点(P0.05),说明各亚群TS2基因均受控于纯净选择或松弛的纯净选择.由上述结果可知,TS2基因在进化过程中发生了多次重复和基因扩增事件,而多次独立的重复或者基因扩增事件导致TS2基因失去了对性别的决定或者调控作用.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.