水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的半导体光催化降解的研究

以ＴｉＯ２为催化剂,以３００Ｗ高压汞灯为光源,对水溶液中的十二烷基苯磺酸钠进行了半导体光催化降解,研究不同ｐＨ条件下金红石型和锐钛型ＴｉＯ２的光催化活性及Ｈ２Ｏ２,Ｃｕ＾２＋的加入对降解的影响,结果表明,锐钛型ＴｉＯ２具有较高的催化活性;Ｈ２Ｏ２在碱性条件下能抑制ＤＢＳ的光催化降解,在无ＴｉＯ２时,Ｈ２Ｏ２对ＤＢＳ有光催化氧化作用,在酸性条件下,Ｃｕ＾２＋对ＤＢＳ的ＴｉＯ２光催化降解有较强的助催化     

TiO2—Cu^2＋体系降解偏二甲肼的研究

研究了在ＴｉＯ２催化氧化降解偏二甲肼的反应体系中添加Ｃｕ＾２＋的效果以及Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度，添加Ｈ２Ｏ２，反应体系Ａ／Ｖ值以及紫外光与太阳光作光源对偏二甲肼降解率的影响，结果表明，在ＴｉＯ２光催化降解偏二甲肼的反应体系中Ｃｕ＾２＋的最佳投加量为４０ｍｇ／Ｌ。添加一Ｈ２Ｏ２以及在紫外光照射下，适当增大反应液的Ａ／Ｖ值会大大提高偏二甲肼的降解率。同时也研究了偏二甲肼降解中间产物随着反应进程的降讲解规律。     

H2O2—Fe^2＋／TiO2—H2SO4体系处理废有机溶剂的研究

研究了废有机溶剂ＴＢＰ／ＯＫ在Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２－Ｈ２ＯＳ４体系中的氧化分解行为，分析Ｈ２Ｏ２用量、催化剂、温度、ＰＨ 控因素对反应进程及结果的影响。在此基础上进行的“热”实验表明，废有机溶剂氧化分解后所含放射性核素主要富集在以应残液中，基本没有二次转移或扩散。对ＴＢ．ＯＫＨ２Ｏ２经氧化机理及Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２的协同催化机理进行了初步探讨。     

Cr(VI)离子在TiO_2表面的吸附与光催化还原消除

随着体系ｐＨ值增大，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２表面的吸附下降．当Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子初始浓度为３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，其在ＴｉＯ２表面具有最大值吸附．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子及乙酸的存在对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附有阻抑作用，甲酸存在会提高Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附．Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２半导体催化剂表面的光催化还原受体系的酸度影响较大．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子或Ｍｎ２＋离子存在会降低Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的光催化还原效率．在太阳光照下，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２上的光催化还原也可实现．通过调节反应结束后水溶液的酸碱度，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子得以消除．反应后催化剂经酸处理，其活性恢复并可重复使用．     

SnO2-TiO2负载CuO催化剂的CO氧化催化性能

对２种ｎ－型半导体的复合氧化物负载的氧化铜催化剂的ＣＯ氧化催化性能进行了研究,采用程序升温反应方法,得到ＣＯ转化率随反应温度的变化曲线,ＣＯ最低全转化温度越低,活性越好。考察了载体的不同制备方法如成胶方法、干燥方法,焙烧温度以及不同ＳｎＯ２：ＴｉＯ２摩尔比对ＣＯ２氧化性能的影响。     

纳米材料与TiO2光催化废水处理技术

结合纳米技术和纳米材料的基本原理和特性，介绍了ＴｉＯ２光催化氧化处理废水的反应原理、ＴｉＯ２的材料使用及主要影响因素，指出了今后的研究方向。     

半导体氧水化物超细粉末对Cr（Ⅵ）的光催化还原作用研究

对不同反应条件下ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２超细粉末艰水溶液中六价铬的还原作用影响进行了研究与对比，结果表明，半导体氧化物ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２对水溶液中六价铬有明显的光催化还原作用，ＺｎＯ比ＴｉＯ２的效果更显著，经９０ｍｉｎ处理后，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）含量从初始的１００ｍｇ／Ｌ降为０．４７ｍｇ／Ｌ以下；可降解有机物的存在能促进反应的进行，提高六价铬的转化率，随着ｐＨ值的升高，光催化效果减弱，本文还对反应机制和反应速度与反     

附着态半导体光催化剂光解可溶性染料的研究

以３００Ｗ中压汞灯和日光为光源，研究了将ＴｉＯ２等半导体粉末附着在海砂和玻璃表面对直接耐晒大红４ＢＳ（下简称４ＢＳ）、活性黑ＫＮ－Ｂ（下简称ＫＮ－Ｂ）和亚甲基蓝（下简称ＭＢ）水溶液的催化光解。结果表明：几种染料均显光解；光解为一级动力学反应；附着复合的ＴｉＯ２－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＴｉＯ２－ＷＯ３比附着单一的ＴｉＯ２光催化效果好；附着态ＴｉＯ２重复使用１５次（每次８ｈ）后催化能力降低１７．９％。以基态电     

环境化学

气相合成三氧化钦超细粒子的形态及其光催化性/施利毅(华东理工大学技术化学物理研究所)…//环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心一2以刃,20(2)一l抖一138环图X一9 高温管式气溶胶反应器中,利用Tiq氧化反应制备T叭超细粒子,研究反应温度、停留时间对子仇形态的影响。结果表明反应温度升高、Ti仇粒度增大、金红石含量在反应温度为1姗℃时出现最大值;停留时间延长,粒子粒度增大、金红石含量也增加。以活性性艳红X一3B染料溶液为模拟废水,考察肠仇粒子形态对光催化活性的影响。结果表明含少量金红石相、粒径小于或接近50御的肠仇粒子催化活…     

光催经氧化法处理染料中间体H酸水溶液

为了去除水中难氧化的有害染料中间体Ｈ酸，研究以ＴｉＯ２，ＺｎＯ，ＣｄＳ和Ｆｅ２Ｏ３为催化剂，采用低压汞灯为光源，对Ｈ酸水溶液进行光催化氧化实验。结果表明：ＴｉＯ２和ＣｄＳ的催化效果最好。采用ＴｉＯ２作催化剂，光催化氧化５ｈ后，Ｈ酸分解率可达９０％，反应速率遵大Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｄｄ方程，Ｋ＝１２．３Ｌｍｍｏｌ，ｋ＝２５．２×１－０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ｈ。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.