高原高寒地域中重型车辆发动机预热起动辅助装置研究

目的提高中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下的低温起动性能。方法研制一种适应高原高寒地域低温低气压环境的冷却液加热器,加热器将燃油燃烧产生的热量传递给冷却液,通过冷却液的循环对发动机机体进行预热。结果在低温试验室内-41℃常压环境下,使用冷却液加热器预热25 min后起动发动机,一次起动成功。在高原进行环境适应性试验,预热时间在25 min内,发动机一次起动成功。结论发动机预热可有效提高-30^-41℃温度地域的发动机低温起动性能。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆进气预热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决高海拔地域中重型越野车辆的起动困难问题。方法从进气温度对车辆起动的影响因素入手,系统地研究几种典型进气预热型式的优缺点。针对中型和重型两台越野车的具体情况,设计选型集中加热的电阻型格栅式进气预热器。经设计计算和反复测试,确定两型加热器的尺寸和功率等主要参数和控制策略,计算分析与车载蓄电池的匹配关系。结果对两型进气预热器进行实车安装后,分别经过实验室试验和野外现场验证,在-30℃实验室常压环境和-27℃的高原环境条件下,两型车辆均能在3 min内顺利起动。结论在高原高寒地域,格栅式电阻进气预热器可有效解决-30℃以上温度范围的起动困难问题。该装置结构简单、安装方便、可靠性高,便于中重型车辆加装使用,为该类问题提供了有效的技术解决途径。     

车用柴油机高原性能提升技术研究现状与发展

分析了提高车用柴油机高原性能的高原增压技术、燃烧优化技术、低气压低温起动技术、电控柴油机高原标定技术以及高原热平衡技术的国内外研究、应用现状及发展趋势,提出了进一步提升车用柴油机高原性能的关键技术。     

通信指挥方舱取暖试验方法优化研究

目的 提高通指车辆低温环境试验效率、缩短试验周期和节约试验成本.方法 采取经验梳理、理论分析、试验验证和数据分析相结合方法,分别绘画出同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中相同时间内的升温曲线.结果 在相同的加热时间内,同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中的升温曲线基本吻合.结论 在对暖风机升温性能测试时,可以将GJB 219B—2005《军用通信车通用规范》中规定的方舱取暖测试用环境温度值由?30℃改为?40℃或其他方便测试的温度.     

航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法

目的 探索一种航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法.方法 梳理对比国内外航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法的差异,分析国内外标准规定的试验温度差异的来源,检测3号喷气燃料的实际低温特性,验证?51℃的试验温度对3号喷气燃料的不适用性.分析航空发动机系统附件低温工作时会升温的特点,提出尽量模拟起动过程的低温试验方法.结果 利用提出的试验方法,在环境温度为?55℃、燃油温度为?40℃下,进行了135 h低温试验,额外单独进行1000次模拟发动机低温起动过程.试验过程中,某型主燃油泵调节器工作正常,并随某航空发动机通过了某飞机在我国北方某机场的高寒试飞试验.结论 GJB 241A规定的燃油温度?51℃或黏度12 mm2/s对应的温度(?56℃)不适用于3号喷气燃料,环境温度为?55℃,燃油温度为?40℃,并尽量模拟发动机低温起动过程的低温试验方法能够有效验证航空发动机燃油系统附件的低温工作能力.     

轮式车辆高原环境适应性评价研究

目的研究轮式车辆的高原环境适应性及其评价方法。方法通过分析轮式车辆环境适应性的基本内涵,结合车辆高原使用情况调研、高原实地试验以及理论分析,构建轮式车辆高原环境适应性评价指标体系,应用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊数学理论建立轮式车辆多性能指标的综合评价模型。结果轮式车辆的动力性、可靠性、起动性和热平衡等性能受高原环境影响最大,大部分轮式车辆的高原环境适应性等级为"一般"或"较差"。结论轮式车辆的高原环境适应性定量综合评价结果可以作为高原地区车辆论证、设计、选型或改进的参考依据。     

极地科考船舶储能系统热管理模块设计

目的设计一种适用于极地科考船储能系统的锂离子电池组热管理模块,以降低低温对电池性能的影响,并延长其使用寿命。方法通过实验获得高寒环境下锂离子电池电气特性参数,明确高寒条件下热管理模块的功能需求。在此基础上进行热管理模块硬件设计及策略开发,并搭建电池低温测试实验平台进行验证。结果将-35℃环境温度下电池表面温度预热至0℃,以低倍率放电时,电池的可用容量可提升至额定容量的34.7%,并且提高预热温度能够增加电池的可用容量。结论该热管理模块能够有效地对锂离子电池组进行热管理,提高高寒环境下科考船储能系统的可用容量。     

高原环境对车用柴油机的影响分析及对策

总结了高原地区环境特点,全面深入分析了高原环境对车用柴油机的影响。通过特种车辆高原适应性分析,发现加速特性和爬坡性能是制约车辆高原适应性好坏的最主要因素。特别针对柴油机的加速特性和扭矩特性曲线进行研究,并提出了相关技术措施,为研究进一步提高柴油机高原环境适应性提供了思路。     

高原环境对军用越野汽车的影响及对策研究

目的研究高原环境对军用越野汽车性能的影响,提出提高军用越野汽车高原环境适应性的技术措施。方法简要介绍高原地区的气候和地理环境条件特点,通过高原实地试验分析高原环境条件对军用越野汽车动力性能、经济性能、起动性能、热平衡和制动等性能的影响规律和影响机理。结果针对军用越野汽车的动力系统、底盘系统和驾驶室人-机环境等,提出了采用高压共轨燃油喷射、可调高增压、低气压低温起动、热平衡控制、四轮转向、悬架增强、辅助制动、轮胎中央充放气以及驾驶室高原人-机工程等提高军用越野汽车高原环境适应性的技术对策和建议。结论为提高军用越野汽车高原环境适应性提供了指导。     

蛭石在SBR系统中的应用研究

介绍一种新型蛭石填料,用于提高SBR系统中的污染物去除性能,重点考察了蛭石的硝化性能。试验结果表明,应用了蛭石填料的SBR系统的硝化性能得到了显著提高。在冬季低温且不调节进水pH下(平均温度在15℃左右,pH为6.0左右),氨氮的去除率比对照组高20%~30%,且表现出促进有机质降解的效果。通过调整环境条件(主要是温度和pH),氨氮去除率可以达到80%以上。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.