中国各省环境效率及环境效率幻觉分析

为了更准确地了解我国经济发展质量,深刻理解环境效率的含义,本文以全新视角对中国各省环境效率进行测量、分析。首先,基于中国各省农业和工业生产要素投入、期望产出和非期望产出,利用二次型方向性距离函数和收益函数的对偶关系,测算2011年至2013年中国大陆31个省份污染物的影子价格。其次,利用影子价格衡量污染物减排边际成本的优点,根据世界可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)提出的环境效率测度公式,研究各省的环境负荷、环境效率,针对环境效率在衡量经济发展质量过程中的缺陷,提出环境效率幻觉概念,结合二者对全国各省进行综合评判,结果表明:全国范围内的各省环境效率值基本呈逐年递增趋势;整体上环境效率值在东中西部呈递减,但东北各省的环境效率值已普遍低于西南各省,且差距有扩大的趋势;出现环境效率幻觉的省份较少,但随着经济"新常态"的出现,其数量在增加。再次,利用环境效率的上升和环境效率幻觉的下降判断,中国仅二分之一的省份环境质量在真正好转。最后,环境效率影响因素的分析表明:全国范围内,产业结构、人均收入以及对外贸易水平与环境效率正相关,政府规制与环境效率负相关,对各地区的影响却呈现出较大差异;政府规制在东部和中部地区对环境效率具有促进作用,且东部大于中部,而西部地区却存在负效应;产业结构在中部和西部地区对环境效率具有积极的促进作用,且西部大于中部,但是东部地区却存在着负效应;对外贸易的继续增加对东中部地区环境效率具有消极的影响,且东部大于中部,对西部地区环境效率有积极的促进作用。     

分权体制下辖区竞争、策略性财政政策对雾霾污染治理的影响

中国的雾霾大爆发与过去30多年粗放型发展方式密切相关,而财政分权体制是这一发展模式的核心。本文以分权体制下的辖区竞争与策略性财政政策为切入点,实证探索财政体制对雾霾污染的影响机理。基于2007—2015年26个省市的面板数据研究发现:首先,建立空间滞后模型从税收与财政支出两个方面检验了辖区竞争,结果证明我国辖区间已经存在激烈的标杆竞争,并且竞争的手段已经逐渐从粗放式的税收竞争发展为多样化的财政支出策略竞争。地理位置相邻、经济发展水平与资本流动的相似性是辖区政府选择竞争对象的关键因素。其次,利用分位数回归刻画了财政支出偏好的动态形成过程,证明了分权体制是引致地方政府财政支出结构失调的重要因素。最后,利用分位数回归揭示了分权体制下策略财政政策对雾霾污染的引发机制主要是通过分权体制-财政支出-雾霾污染的传导通道。因此,面对我国雾霾大爆发的严峻形势,应理顺各级政府间的纵向财政关系,促进环境事权与支出责任相匹配,建立稳定、可预见的支出分担标准;同时可以通过建立雾霾污染专项转移支付体系对分权体制下地方政府承担过多的事权进行财权补偿;推行离任环境审计制度也极其重要,通过改变政绩考核标准阻断地方官员对经济数量型增长的狂热追求,以避免财政支出偏好与环境管制标准制定上的机会主义倾向,打破晋升锦标下的短期行为,为辖区提供高效的异质性环境公共服务,从而改善雾霾污染。     

自然灾害财政成本估算：基于面板数据的PVAR实证

自然灾害的发生往往导致财政支出增加和财政收入减少,是影响国家财政收支平衡的一个不容忽略的因素,自然灾害对财政收支的影响尚缺乏深入的理论阐释和基于实证数据的检验。依据1990—2018年中国31省份省际面板数据建立面板向量自回归(PVAR)模型,量化自然灾害的财政成本,并考察了自然灾害对财政支出和收入的动态影响机制。进一步分析中,运用可解决门槛变量内生性问题的动态面板门槛模型探究了政府应急财政支出的最优规模。研究表明:(1)总体来看,平均每年自然灾害造成的财政成本为1.119%,自然灾害对财政支出具有滞后正向效应,对财政收入具有滞后负向效应。(2)自然灾害财政成本具有区域异质性。具体而言,平均每年东北地区财政成本为0.89%,东部地区财政成本为-2.63%,中部地区财政成本为1.4%,西部地区财政成本为2.75%。(3)进一步分析得出,政府自然灾害应急财政支出最优规模为0.095%。分经济区域来看,除东部地区门槛效应不显著外,东北、中部和西部地区政府应急财政支出最优规模分别为0.0903%、0.108%和0.196%,远低于自然灾害财政成本,需要探寻放大应急财政资金规模的融资工具。据此,从建立自然灾害基金制度,因地制宜搭建自然灾害财政成本风险融资工具框架,构建融入保险机制的新型灾害风险管理体系等方面提出相关政策建议,以期为政府改进公共服务、创新政府管理、推进我国应急管理体系和能力现代化提供支撑。     

地方政府环境保护支出效率核算及影响因素实证研究

近年来,如何协调经济增长和环境保护,以实现可持续发展是当下中国一个急需解决的难题。伴随着环境治理话题的升温,政府环境保护的财政支出效率值得关注。本文利用DEA-Tobit两阶段模型对我国各地方政府环境保护财政支出效率进行了测算,并着重考察了"经济分权、政治集权"的制度因素及其他相关因素对环境保护支出效率的影响。研究结果表明,各省份的环境保护财政支出中普遍存在着技术无效率现象,且在区域之间存在差异,东部和西部省份的环境保护支出效率较为接近,但都显著高于中部省份;政治晋升竞争和财政分权对于环境保护支出效率的影响差异折射出"经济分权、政治集权"的中央-地方政府治理模式存在缺陷,根本在于GDP为核心的考核机制;扩大对外开放、提高经济水平都能显著促进环境保护支出效率的改善,工业化程度对于环境保护支出效率的显著负向作用,这主要归因于工业是环境污染的主要来源,在环保资金紧缺的条件下,越高的工业程度自然会降低资金效率;人口密度和受教育程度对于环境保护支出效率的不同影响反应出对政府提高环境保护财政支出效率形成倒逼作用的是受教育人口占比而非人口密度。因此,鉴于地方政府的行动惯性和路径依赖,应通过顶层设计来对现行制度进行修正和改良,以实现可持续健康发展所需的制度供给;可通过激励企业的技术创新来改善污染排放和设定更为细致严格的环保标准并严格监督、执法来缓解工业化程度的负面影响;可通过不断提高受教育人口比重以此倒逼地方政府提高环境保护支出效率进而实现政府职能的转变。     

地方政府竞争、环境规制与绿色发展效率

绿色发展效率是新时代中国特色社会主义经济转向高质量发展的重要衡量指标,政府主导的中国经济发展体制决定了地方政府竞争和环境规制是影响绿色发展效率的主要影响因素。文章在识别地方政府竞争、环境规制对于绿色发展效率的作用机制的基础上,基于2001—2015年中国30个省级区域面板数据,利用SBM-DEA方向性距离函数测算了包含能源消耗与非期望产出的2001—2015年省级区域绿色发展效率,并使用动态面板GMM模型进行了实证分析。结果显示:环境规制对于绿色发展效率的提高具有促进作用,环境规制对于保护环境、促进经济高质量发展,具有正向推动作用。地方政府竞争对绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府间的经济赶超、官员的晋升激励,导致地方以破坏生态环境为代价更快地发展经济。地方政府竞争与环境规制的共同作用对于绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府在发展经济与保护环境之间,更多地选择了更快发展经济,而忽视了经济发展的质量,破坏了生态环境。地方政府在经济赶超与环境规制之间的选择摇摆不定,导致地方政府的政策不具有持续性,进一步导致绿色发展效率在一个低水平上持续波动。东、中、西部地区均存在由于地方政府竞争所引致的环境规制力度不足,环境规制政策存在着波动性,进而抑制了绿色发展效率的提高。因此应当进一步完善地方政府官员的考核体系,引导建立起以高质量发展为导向的地方政府竞争制度,加强环境规制的力度,加强对企业技术创新的支持,鼓励企业发展绿色技术,提高绿色发展效率。     

环境规制对中国循环经济绩效的影响

运用主成分分析法和功效系数法测算出2007—2016年中国省域循环经济绩效值,基于广义空间模型,设置三种空间权重矩阵,分析了节能型与减排型环境规制对中国循环经济绩效的影响。研究表明:第一,循环经济绩效本身具有相对稳定的正向空间溢出效应;第二,节能型及减排型环境规制均与中国循环经济绩效之间存在倒"U"型非线性关系;第三,与中西部样本相比,东部样本的空间溢出效应较为显著,不同区域之间存在明显的空间异质性;第四,节能型与减排型环境规制在促进循环经济绩效提升方面存在互补效应,且水体污染指标比气体污染指标的互补效应显著;第五,产业结构对循环经济绩效有显著的促进作用,要素禀赋对循环经济绩效有显著的抑制作用,而城镇化水平和投资开放度对循环经济绩效的影响具有不确定性。因此,政府应适当加强环境规制强度,发挥环境规制对经济发展质量的净化效应,从节能与减排两个方面着手形成合力促使循环经济绩效提升;推进产业转型升级,通过环境规制"质量门槛"建立产业甄别机制,避免中西部地区重蹈东部地区覆辙,使环境规制成为产业转型升级的动力;建立自由流通的要素市场,将环境规制效果纳入政绩考核范围之内,建立良好的循环经济发展环境;坚持走新型城镇化道路,推进公共服务的人口均等化,进而为环境规制促进循环经济绩效提升创造新的市场潜能,形成新型城镇化建设与循环经济绩效提升的协调发展局面;提高对外开放水平,通过提高引进外资的"质量门槛"避免成为"污染避难所",并加强外资与国内重大科技创新项目的结合,建立激励与约束并重的环保技术市场,充分发挥环境规制对净化经济质量的倒逼作用。     

环境分权、环境规制对农业面源污染的影响

环境规制是实现农业面源污染减排的重要手段,而科学合理地划分环境管理权力是夯实环境规制减排绩效的制度基础。厘清环境分权、环境规制与农业面源污染三者之间的关系对优化环境管理体制和促进农业绿色发展具有重要的理论与现实意义。鉴于此,文章将环境规制、环境分权和农业面源污染纳入同一分析框架,基于2005—2017年省际面板数据,构建动态面板模型和面板门槛模型,实证考察了环境分权、环境规制与农业面源污染的内在联系。研究结果显示:①环境规制是抑制农业面源污染的重要手段;环境分权、环境监察分权和环境监测分权对农业面源污染具有显著的正向作用,环境行政分权对农业面源污染则表现为负向作用。②环境事务管理权力的下放将恶化环境规制的农业面源污染减排效应,引发“绿色悖论”效应,其中环境监察分权和环境监测分权的影响尤为突出。③从区域层面来看,中西部地区环境事务管理权力下放引发的“绿色悖论”效应显著,而东部地区则不显著。④环境规制对农业面源污染的影响随环境分权程度的变化呈现出门槛特征。伴随环境分权程度的提高,环境规制对农业面源污染的影响由“援助之手”转为“攫取之手”。因此,为解决日益严重的农业面源污染,应制定差异化的环境分权策略。一方面,环境行政权力应适当下放,而环境监察和环境监测权力要逐步上移;另一方面,进一步压缩中西部地区环境政策自由裁量空间,加大农业环境考核与监督力度。同时,建立长期动态农业面源污染监测体系,形成联防联控治理格局。     

制度软化、公众认同对大气污染治理效率的影响北大核心CSCDCSSCI

大气污染治理问题受到了政府和公众的广泛关注,然而传统研究并未对政府、公众行为和大气污染治理之间的关系予以足够重视。文章构建了一个制度软化、公众认同与大气污染治理之间的理论模型并提出研究假说,采用Super-SBM模型对我国各省份大气污染治理效率进行测算,通过构建面板分位数模型对研究假说进行经验论证,得到以下结论:首先,大气污染治理效率测算结果表明,研究期内我国大气污染治理效率的省际格局变化不大,中部地区大气污染治理效率高于东部和西部地区。其次,全国、中部及西部经验结论符合研究假说,即财政分权和晋升锦标赛引致的制度软化对区域大气污染治理效率具有负向冲击,公众认同对大气污染治理效率有正向影响,且公众认同在一定程度上可以弥补制度软化引致的效率下降,但东部经验与研究假说相反。最后,晋升激励使得地方政府容易忽视大气污染治理的供给;环境规制对大气污染治理效率的影响在条件分位上具有"波特拐点"特征;产业转型升级的环境效应在东部地区并不明显,但在中西部地区显著;技术进步促进大气污染治理效率提升在全国范围内显著;外商投资能通过技术外溢、严格的规制标准提升大气污染治理效率,但目前这种正向影响只存在于东部地区。故需要将环境质量指标及相关要素纳入地方政府的政治考评体系、改革和完善我国的财政分税制体制、引导公民自觉参与和监督大气污染治理、推进传统产业发展与现代服务业的有机融合等。     

制度软化、公众认同对大气污染治理效率的影响

大气污染治理问题受到了政府和公众的广泛关注,然而传统研究并未对政府、公众行为和大气污染治理之间的关系予以足够重视。文章构建了一个制度软化、公众认同与大气污染治理之间的理论模型并提出研究假说,采用Super-SBM模型对我国各省份大气污染治理效率进行测算,通过构建面板分位数模型对研究假说进行经验论证,得到以下结论:首先,大气污染治理效率测算结果表明,研究期内我国大气污染治理效率的省际格局变化不大,中部地区大气污染治理效率高于东部和西部地区。其次,全国、中部及西部经验结论符合研究假说,即财政分权和晋升锦标赛引致的制度软化对区域大气污染治理效率具有负向冲击,公众认同对大气污染治理效率有正向影响,且公众认同在一定程度上可以弥补制度软化引致的效率下降,但东部经验与研究假说相反。最后,晋升激励使得地方政府容易忽视大气污染治理的供给;环境规制对大气污染治理效率的影响在条件分位上具有"波特拐点"特征;产业转型升级的环境效应在东部地区并不明显,但在中西部地区显著;技术进步促进大气污染治理效率提升在全国范围内显著;外商投资能通过技术外溢、严格的规制标准提升大气污染治理效率,但目前这种正向影响只存在于东部地区。故需要将环境质量指标及相关要素纳入地方政府的政治考评体系、改革和完善我国的财政分税制体制、引导公民自觉参与和监督大气污染治理、推进传统产业发展与现代服务业的有机融合等。     

基于节能减排的中国省级工业技术效率研究

在考虑能源与碳排放的共同生产前沿分析框架下,运用基于DEA的非径向非角度的SBM模型测算中国1998-2010年省级工业技术效率,并分析了地区工业技术效率差异及其影响因素。测算结果发现,忽略能源与碳排放约束的传统效率测算结果高估了工业技术效率,地区工业环境效率均呈现上升趋势,但全国工业环境效率总体水平偏低,东部工业环境效率明显高于西部与中部。基于面板数据的Tobit随机效应模型回归结果显示,工业环境效率与人均收入呈U型曲线关系,财政分权、企业所有制结构及出口活动对工业环境效率有负面影响,其中,财政分权的负面影响最为显著;外商直接投资、研发强度及进口基本上促进了工业环境效率的改善,"波特假说"得到了实证支持,"污染天堂假说"未能得到证实。基于节能减排和环境效率增进的工业增长转型,不仅需要考虑环境技术创新、能源结构调整、外资进入等问题,更需要切实关注财政分权、地方政府政绩考核及国有企业产权改革等体制性因素的影响,只有从深层次上打破体制性瓶颈,才能真正促进企业节能减排和工业转型升级。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.