京津冀生态协同发展评测与福利效应

区域生态协同发展是新常态时期生态文明建设目标下区域协同发展的新形式,京津冀作为中国区域整体协同发展改革引领区,其生态协同发展研究具有典型意义。作者基于复杂系统理论和协同学,以新常态下生态文明思想和绿色发展理念为指导,构建区域生态协同度测量模型,科学评估2006—2018年京津冀生态协同水平的动态演化,并运用计量模型分析生态协同度对区域发展的福利效应及其区域异质性特征。研究表明:①京津冀区域生态协同度普遍逐年上升,发展态势良好。津冀和京冀系统生态协同速度加快,但京津系统生态协同发展后劲不足,增长缓慢。②北京生态协同发展水平最高,已进入中度协同发展阶段;天津、河北仍处于低度协同水平,协同发展不稳定。地区内部各子系统发展不均衡,制约着协作效应的发挥和地区的整体发展。③生态协同度的提高对京津冀的社会福利和经济福利均具有显著的正向推动作用,福利效应显著存在。④生态协同度的福利效应具有显著的区域异质性特征,天津、河北的福利效应显著大于北京,表明京津冀生态协同度的提高有助于缩小天津、河北与北京的发展差距。为进一步提高区域生态协同水平,未来应创新区域发展的协同模式,实施生态协同发展模式,打造京津冀绿色发展的新动能;营造有利于区域生态协同发展嵌套的适配创新生态系统的软环境,全力构建以北京、雄安为两极的区域创新生态系统;合理分工、差异定位、积极融入;建立生态环境保护为目标的区域利益均衡机制,以支撑区域绿色高质量发展。     

江阴市近5年生态足迹计算与分析

生态足迹理论是通过跟踪区域的资源和能源消费,将它们转化为提供这种物质流所必须的生物生产性土地面积,并与生态承载力进行比较,以此衡量区域可持续发展状态。利用生态足迹理论,计算了江阴市1997～2001年5年间的生态足迹变化过程。结果表明,江阴市的人均生态足迹供给约为0.30 hm2·cap-1,而人均生态足迹消费从1997年的1.65 hm2·cap-1提高到2001年的2.04 hm2·cap-1,生态压力不断增大,生态赤字显著提高。对江阴市生态足迹构成进行分析,因素贡献大小依次排列为：化石能源>耕地>牧草地>水域>建筑用地>林地。化石能源消费的份额最大,超过50％,与江阴市高强度的经济活动有关;与此同时,食物生产消费也占较大份额。5年间单位GDP的生态足迹呈下降趋势,表明江阴市的资源利用效率明显提高。     

基于生态系统服务功能理论的生态足迹模型研究

由于传统Wackemagel and Rees生态足迹模型仅研究人类对资源的需求和生态系统供给的生物生产能力之间的差距,忽略了生态系统的其它功能,无法体现生态系统的整体性.本文以传统生态足迹模型为基础,引入生态系统服务功能价值理论,提出了基于生态系统服务功能价值的生态足迹模型.该模型以生态生产性土地的生态服务功能价值评估为基础,改进传统生态足迹模型中均衡因子和产量因子的计算方法.采用生物生产性土地的综合生态系统服务功能的价值当量因子计量生态足迹模型中的均衡因子,采用生态系统单元的单位面积生态系统服务功能价值与全国该生态系统单元的平均价值的比值表示产量因子.改进后的生态足迹模型既反映了区域人类资源消费对生物生产性土地的占用,又反映了区域人类资源消费对生态系统服务功能的使用,较科学的体现了生态系统的整体性.同时,本文以大连市2005年社会经济统计数据为基础,运用改进的生态足迹模型对大连市的生态足迹进行了测算,对研究模型进行了检验.     

基于能值生态足迹的浙江省可持续发展分析

应用能值分析和本地生态足迹对传统的生态足迹方法进行改进，将可更新资源和社会生产消费中的能量流换算成对应的生物生产性土地面积。对本地生态足迹的计算方法进行了优化，即对消费账户进行了贸易修正，更贴近实际。经过计算，得出浙江省2007年的人均生态承载力为1174 1 hm2，人均生态足迹为3946 2 hm2，人均生态赤字为2772 1 hm2，万元GDP生态足迹为1063 2 hm2。根据计算出2000～2008年的各项指标，〖JP+1〗进行时间上的纵向比较，分析其变化趋势。又以2007年为基准，与部分区域的相关指标进行横向比较，进而分析了浙江省的可持续发展状况。最后，结合浙江省实际，提出了发展雨水收集、潮汐能开发等新的资源能源利用模式，鼓励节约能源，大力发展林木及林产品加工产业、水产品养殖及加工产业，并对浙江省较高的资源利用效率进行了评价     

京津冀及江浙沪经济圈生态足迹比较分析

利用生态足迹模型分析了1996~2008年京津冀和江浙沪经济圈的人均生态足迹和生态承载力，并将两大经济圈的核心城市做了相应的对比。结果表明：京津冀经济圈的人均生态足迹高于江浙沪经济圈，其中江浙沪经济圈的生态足迹增长速度相对较高；两大经济圈人均生态承载力在1998年均有较大幅度下降，其后基本保持不变；两大经济圈1996~2008年均处于生态赤字状态，且呈现逐年增加态势，经济圈内核心城市人均生态赤字远高于同区域的省份，京津冀经济圈大部分年份人均生态赤字高于江浙沪经济圈；北京、天津、上海3大核心城市的各项生态足迹指标均呈上升趋势，天津市和上海市的人均生态足迹和人均生态赤字两项指标均高于北京市，且历年上海市的人均生态足迹平均要高出天津市14%以上，人均生态赤字高出天津市279%。未来经济圈的发展需要发挥其经济优势，通过技术创新提高资源利用效率，改变生产和生活方式，使地区经济保持可持续发展     

湖北省洪湖市生态足迹与水足迹动态分析

为了分析洪湖市的可持续发展情况,本文运用生态足迹法计算了洪湖市2000～2007年的生态足迹和生态承载力,同时基于生态足迹理论,运用水足迹模型,计算了洪湖市的水足迹.结果表明,洪湖市的人均生态足迹呈整体上升趋势,由1.450 8hm2攀升到2.022 3 hm2,8年间增长近40%,其中能源用地和耕地生态足迹的贡献率最大;人均生态承载力变化不大,稍有下降趋势.2000-2007年洪湖市均表现为生态赤字,且随着生态足迹的不断增大,生态赤字逐渐加大,2007年人均生态赤字达1.373 hm2,表明生产、生活强度已超过生态系统的承载能力,区域生态系统处于人类的过度开发利用和压力之下,洪湖市处于不可持续发展状态.8年间洪湖市水足迹变化不大,2007年为1 399 m3/a,高于全国平均水平,在国内属于水资源丰富型城市.     

区域机动车污染物总量排放特征与削减量分配

随着区域经济一体化的日益深入与机动车保有量的快速增长,机动车尾气污染已成为影响城市群空气质量的重要威胁。由于大气流动性等原因,大气污染治理的范围亟需从单一城市层面扩展到区域层面,因此,研究区域机动车污染物排放总量的排放特征,并据此提出区域减排的对策措施变得尤为重要和紧迫。京津冀协同发展已上升为重大国家战略,因此,本文以京津冀地区为例,分析2007-2011年的机动车常规污染物(CO,NOx,HC,PM)区域总量的排放特征,并从区域内部的污染物分担率角度,分析不同省市的污染物贡献程度。然后以2012年的区域排放总量为基础,根据地区间的产业结构、经济水平和空气质量差异运用改进的等比例分配方法分配污染物区域总量减排指标,结果表明:京津冀四种污染物总量除个别年份波动外均呈现上升趋势,而从区域内部分担率上看,河北省对污染物排放贡献率呈上升趋势,北京和天津均呈现递减趋势。在2012年的基础上降低10%的目标下,计算得各地区削减率分别为:CO(北京12.4%,天津10.0%,河北77.7%),NOx(北京33.1%,天津11.1%,河北55.8%),HC(北京9.0%,天津5.2%,河北85.8%),PM(北京24.0%,天津13.2%,河北62.8%)。因此,建议将京津冀机动车污染物总量减排的重点放在河北省,加快在河北省内实行更高的机动车污染物排放标准,并加大对新能源汽车的投入,以降低区域机动车污染物的排放总量。     

双控行动下京津冀经济发展与水资源利用脱钩评价

京津冀经济发展与水资源利用"脱钩",已成为京津冀政府管理部门和学者们高度关注的学术热点和研究领域。现有文献主要采用经典的脱钩判别框架,偏重于京津冀地区用水总量、工业用水的短时序脱钩态势评价与驱动效应研究。鲜有学者在脱钩评价模式中凸显双控行动的导向性作用,统筹考虑不同规划期京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水的脱钩关系,揭示京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水脱钩的内在机理。为此,基于驱动力-压力-响应分析视角,构建双控行动下京津冀经济发展与水资源利用脱钩评价模式。采用Tapio弹性系数法,动态对比评价不同规划期京津冀地区及其行业经济发展与水资源利用的脱钩态势。采用完全分解模型,通过京津冀地区不同行业用水脱钩的驱动因素分解,深度解析京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水脱钩的内在机理。研究表明:(1)河北双控行动成效显著,北京次之,天津较弱。京津冀整体经济发展与水资源利用自"十五"时期开始呈现稳定的"强脱钩"态势。但京津地区仍处于"弱脱钩"态势,而河北呈现"强脱钩"态势。其中,京冀地区工农业经济发展与水资源利用呈现较稳定的"强脱钩"态势。河北对京津冀整体用水、北京服务业对北京用水、津冀地区工农业对津冀地区用水的"强脱钩"影响显著。(2)京津冀地区行业用水的技术进步效应显著,成为推动京津冀地区用水脱钩的关键驱动因素,而结构调整效应仍未发挥显著作用。仅至"十三五"前半段,京津冀地区农业用水的结构调整效应显著,成为实现京津冀地区农业经济发展与其用水脱钩的关键驱动因素之一。但京津冀地区服务业仍未达到用水顶峰和用水增量"拐点",亟须通过提升水利科技创新能力,提高服务业用水强度,加速服务业结构转型升级,发挥结构调整效应对服务业用水脱钩的驱动作用。     

基于生态足迹模型的四川省耕地资源评价

耕地是所有生态生产性土地中生产力最大的一类，生态足迹模型是定量评价可持续发展的常用工具之一。基于传统生态足迹模型、改进生态足迹模型和EF NPP模型，测算、分析了2006~2013年四川省耕地生态赤字等相关变化及趋势，客观评价了四川省耕地资源利用状况，并探讨了几种模型的差异。结果表明：2006~2013年间，四川省人均耕地生态足迹不断上升，人均耕地生态承载力基本稳定，人均耕地生态赤字持续扩大；耕地资源利用由弱不可持续状态逐步向强不可持续状态发展。3种生态足迹模型的对比研究发现，EF NPP模型在一定程度上弥补了传统生态足迹模型和改进生态足迹模型的不足，客观、动态地反映了区域耕地利用状况和可持续发展状态。     

北京市生产性土地的部门关联效应分析

本文基于生态足迹的投入产出模型,利用改进的HEM方法和北京市2007年投入产出表及相关数据,计算生产性土地的部门关联效应指标,对北京市9部门块土地资源关联效应进行了分析.研究结果表明:土地资源纵向总效应超过直接消耗的部门块主要由制造业、建筑业和服务业等部门构成;采选业部门块有更大的土地资源转让潜力;其他部门块都要从本部门块以外获取土地资源,导致各部门块的外部后向关联及外部前向关联都很大.本文认为:生产性土地的关联效应实际上是经济系统部门间土地资源需求的转移,最终需求总量不变,其结构调整就不会对土地资源总量产生影响;改进的HEM方法结合生态足迹最终需求,分析直接土地资源消耗数量,分解影响部门土地资源的组成因素,可以更直接、明确地量化部门间以及部门内部土地资源的关联关系;如果能够以实物型投入产出表代替货币型投入产出表,可以更加科学地反映经济系统中各产业部门土地资源的关联特性.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.