化学增幅抗蚀剂用光产酸剂——硫鎓盐的合成方法

介绍了国内外光致抗蚀剂的研究进展、化学增幅光致抗蚀剂用光产酸剂--硫鎓盐的主要合成方法,同时介绍了193nm光致抗蚀剂所使用的光产酸剂及其合成方法,指出合成193nm光致抗蚀剂用光产酸剂的重要性.     

高超声速导弹舵面热模态试验方法研究

为研究高温热载荷作用下高超声速导弹舵面结构模态频率和振型随温度变化的变化规律。采用基于激光测振技术的热模态试验和有限元分析相结合的方法对导弹舵面结构的热模态特性进行了研究,对舵面结构进行了热模态有限元分析,设计了一套热模态试验系统进行了热模态试验,将激光测振技术应用于振动响应测试,设计制作了石英灯高温加热箱,设计制作了施加激振力的水冷激振杆,设计了用于激光测振的移动平台。利用有限元仿真分析与试验相结合的手段,获得了舵面结构在不同高温环境下的模态频率和振型,并分析出模态频率和振型变化规律,取得了较好的效果。     

大气降水对金属材料环境适应性能影响研究

考察了大气降水环境下(酸雨)对镀锌钢丝的环境适应性能的影响。结果表明,随着盐雾腐蚀时间的延长,钢丝表面腐蚀深度逐渐增加,盐雾腐蚀时间的延长会使得腐蚀更加严重;盐雾腐蚀时间为40天前表示表面镀锌层发生腐蚀的阶段,而盐雾腐蚀时间超过40天时则为钢丝基体的腐蚀;镀锌层的腐蚀速率要高于钢丝基体。随着腐蚀时间从10天延长至120天,钢丝表面腐蚀坑深度呈现逐渐增加的趋势;镀锌钢丝的点蚀与腐蚀时间的预测模型为:■,■。     

铁屑微电解法处理光致抗蚀剂废水的初步研究

初步研究了铁屑微电解法处理先致抗蚀剂废水；对废水pH值、曝气、铁屑和活性炭的用量等作了单因素影响试验。正交试验结果表明：当铁屑投加量50．0g／L，活性碳投加量5．0g／L，废水pH值2．0，反应时间60min时，CODCr去除率达42％。     

强电场环境下激光诱导击穿等离子体研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱技术具有可远程测量、分析速度快、对样品基本无损、多元素同时分析、灵敏度高等优点,在高电压输变电设备检测应用潜力巨大.高压输变电设备安全运行所处电场强度较大,强电场对激光诱导等离子体信号的影响研究还不全面.为此本文综述了国内外静电场、快速脉冲放电对激光诱导等离子体的等离子体温度、平均电子数密度、谱线发射相...     

丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层在我国典型大气环境下的老化历程

本文采用交流阻抗测试技术、傅立叶红外测试技术研究了丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层在我国典型大气环境(武汉、拉萨)下户外降解规律,分析了其降解机理,比较了不同地区的环境老化强度,并探讨了丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层降解过程中电化学等效回路模型的转换问题.结果表明:(i)随曝露时间的延长,涂层的孔隙率增加、孔隙结构增大,体系由一个时间常数特征转为两个时间常数特征,涂层内逐渐形成了腐蚀性离子通往基底金属的通道,基底金属发生腐蚀,随金属腐蚀产物的增加,金属/溶液双电层电容逐渐被具有弥散效应的电容元件替换;(ii)丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层抗蚀性能的降低主要由涂层内高分子链节的断裂所致,随曝露时间的延长,在仲酰胺处发生断裂,生成了新的基团伯酰胺;(iii)丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层在拉萨地区的降解速率较武汉地区快.     

传输法对不同方法制备频率选择表面的测试应用

随着频率选择表面(FSS)的广泛应用,精确的制备和测量技术验证理论分析日趋重要。本文采用丝网印刷法和激光加工法实现了计算中采用的频率选择表面周期单元的制备。基于Agilent E8257D信号发生器、Agilent E7405A频谱分析仪,采用传输法对制备的不同尺寸频率选择表面进行测试,得到了各种频率选择表面的频响特性。通过比较测试和仿真结果,验证了频率选择表面结构参数对频响特性的影响规律的正确性。同时,比较测试和仿真结果,得出激光加工法获得的频率选择表面精度更高的结论。     

不锈钢运动器材的腐蚀行为研究

对4种不锈钢运动器材进行了模拟鲜酸酸化、返排残酸和全程酸化环境下的腐蚀行为研究。结果表明,在模拟鲜酸酸化环境下静态全浸泡6 h,国产15Cr不锈钢的点蚀速率最大,而国产13Cr与进口13Cr不锈钢点蚀速率相当,且都低于进口15Cr不锈钢;在模拟返排酸酸化环境下静态全浸泡72 h,国产15Cr和进口15Cr不锈钢的点蚀速率较大,国产13Cr钢的点蚀速率相对较小,而进口13Cr不锈钢点蚀速率最低,基本没有发生腐蚀;在模拟鲜酸酸化+模拟返排酸酸化的全程酸化环境下,国产15Cr不锈钢的点蚀速率最大,进口13 Cr不锈钢的点蚀速率最小。国产13Cr与进口13Cr不锈钢在鲜酸酸化和返排酸酸化环境下都具有较好的抗点蚀性能,进口13Cr不锈钢更适宜于在全程酸化环境下使用。     

震后某工号建渣及土壤样品中铀的分析测定

采用激光荧光法对"5.12"地震后某工号建筑垃圾和土壤样品进行了铀的测定。方法检出下限D.L≤3×10-11g/mL,相对标准偏差RSD为7.4%,回收率达到86%~109%。对实验数据进行了分析和初步评价,结果表明,该工号所测样品铀含量基本处于天然本底水平。     

电子工业印制版腐蚀液的综合利用

随着国防工业和民用工业的迅速发展,覆铜箔板(如双氰胺型、环氧型、酚醛纸胶版型等)已广范被用于制作印制线路版元器件。在制作印制线路版元器件的工艺过程中,腐蚀是一道重要工序。在腐蚀工序里,影响腐蚀质量的最基本、最重要的因素是腐蚀液配方的选择,其次是线路抗蚀保护层、腐蚀液的温度,腐蚀     

Experimental Investigation on the Removal of Toner Particles from Laser-Printed Office Waste Papers

Abstract

In this work the deinking process was simulated in a small high speed blender of about 2 L capacity. The effects of polyethylene (PE) and wax-coated PE on the removal of toner particles in the pulper slurry has been experimentally investigated. The effect of one commercial surfactant (30% anionic, 5% nonionic) on the toner release efficiency was also studied. The average area of toner particles retained on filter papers were determined using an image analysis system that consists of a high-resolution video camera mounted on an optical polarizing microscope, an image software processor, a Pentium PC, and a high-resolution image monitor. The effect of low density PE on toner detachment from laser-printed standard paper was investigated over a concentration range of 0 –200% PE (relative to paper mass). It is found that PE has a certain capabilty of removing (adsorbing) toner particles. In the second phase of this research work, the effect of wax-coated PE was investigated. It was found that wax-coated PE enhances the removal of toner particles beyond that obtained using only PE. Finally, the effect of a commercial surfactant on the release of toner particles have been investigated over a range of surfactant mass percentage (relative to the paper mass).     

室内空气中污染物的检测技术

室内环境空气污染对人体健康影响很大,文中指出了影响人体健康的致病因子,分析了单个微粒的光通量和粒径之间的关系。鉴于单下颗粒的散射光信号很弱,本文提出一种方法,把激光器的内腔作为颗粒注入区,利用激光器的内腔功率谱密度远大于腔外功率密度的特点,结合先进的激光散控制理论,对空气中的颗粒进行检测。     

Long-term leaching of uranium from different waste matrices

A semi-dynamic leaching test was carried out for metallurgical wastes and ore samples from the uranium and copper mining industry over a 142 day period using distilled water and 0.1N NaNO(3) as solvents. Laser fluorimetry was used as the analytical technique to determine the total uranium content in the leachates. The cumulative leach fraction (CLF) of uranium release from the samples was calculated to be 0.22, 0.22, 0.07 and 0.39% for rock, uranium tailings, copper kinker ash samples and copper tailings respectively using distilled water as solvent and 0.31, 0.27, 0.05 and 0.59% for the same matrices using 0.1N NaNO(3). The release of mobile uranium fraction was very slow, being faster in the initial stage and then attained a near steady state condition. The diffusion coefficient and bulk release of uranium from the samples have been calculated. The processes governing the release of uranium from these matrices have been identified to be surface wash-off and diffusion. Hence the use of weak solvents (leach out the mobile/exchangeable fraction of uranium) under semi-dynamic conditions aids the determination of leaching parameters and identification of the leaching mechanism for mobile uranium fraction from different matrices by slow leaching processes.     

反演同化技术在激光雷达中的应用研究

为增强模式预报准确性,提高激光雷达数据在化学模式中的应用水平,建立激光雷达同化系统,将激光雷达数据引入模式,利用WRF-Chem模拟2016年12月6日～10日一次污染过程,将激光雷达监测的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)反演成近地面PM2.5浓度,通过三维变分同化技术订正模式原始场,调整模式预报结果.实验对比发现,反演同化后...     

Size distributions of manure particles released under simulated rainfall

Manure and animal waste deposited on cropland and grazing lands serve as a source of microorganisms, some of which may be pathogenic. These microorganisms are released along with particles of dissolved manure during rainfall events. Relatively little if anything is known about the amounts and sizes of manure particles released during rainfall, that subsequently may serve as carriers, abode, and nutritional source for microorganisms. The objective of this work was to obtain and present the first experimental data on sizes of bovine manure particles released to runoff during simulated rainfall and leached through soil during subsequent infiltration. Experiments were conducted using 200 cm long boxes containing turfgrass soil sod; the boxes were designed so that rates of manure dissolution and subsequent infiltration and runoff could be monitored independently. Dairy manure was applied on the upper portion of boxes. Simulated rainfall (ca. 32.4 mm h(-1)) was applied for 90 min on boxes with stands of either live or dead grass. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particle size distributions obtained from laser diffractometry were determined in manure runoff and soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachates and manure runoff samples decreased exponentially. Turbidity of manure runoff samples was on average 20% less than turbidity of soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachate samples from boxes with dead grass was on average 30% less than from boxes with live grass. Particle size distributions in manure runoff and leachate suspensions remained remarkably stable after 15 min of runoff initiation, although the turbidity continued to decrease. Particles had the median diameter of 3.8 microm, and 90% of particles were between 0.6 and 17.8 microm. The particle size distributions were not affected by the grass status. Because manure particles are known to affect transport and retention of microbial pathogens in soil, more information needs to be collected about the concurrent release of pathogens and manure particles during rainfall events.     

Ground-Cover Measurements: Assessing Correlation Among Aerial and Ground-Based Methods

Wyoming’s Green Mountain Common Allotment is public land providing livestock forage, wildlife habitat, and unfenced solitude, amid other ecological services. It is also the center of ongoing debate over USDI Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) adjudication of land uses. Monitoring resource use is a BLM responsibility, but conventional monitoring is inadequate for the vast areas encompassed in this and other public-land units. New monitoring methods are needed that will reduce monitoring costs. An understanding of data-set relationships among old and new methods is also needed. This study compared two conventional methods with two remote sensing methods using images captured from two meters and 100 meters above ground level from a camera stand (a ground, image-based method) and a light airplane (an aerial, image-based method). Image analysis used SamplePoint or VegMeasure software. Aerial methods allowed for increased sampling intensity at low cost relative to the time and travel required by ground methods. Costs to acquire the aerial imagery and measure ground cover on 162 aerial samples representing 9000 ha were less than $3000. The four highest correlations among data sets for bare ground—the ground-cover characteristic yielding the highest correlations (r)—ranged from 0.76 to 0.85 and included ground with ground, ground with aerial, and aerial with aerial data-set associations. We conclude that our aerial surveys are a cost-effective monitoring method, that ground with aerial data-set correlations can be equal to, or greater than those among ground-based data sets, and that bare ground should continue to be investigated and tested for use as a key indicator of rangeland health.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.