一种电极型电导率传感器绝缘设计方案

电极型电导率传感器的绝缘技术研究具有重要的工程应用价值,被广泛应用在工业、航天以及海洋研究开发等领域,用于测量水质的电导率。介绍了电极型电导率传感器的工作原理,并对其绝缘特性进行研究,设计了电容器串联电路。实验结果表明:此方案使传感器的绝缘电阻增大2个数量级,为传感器的长期稳定性和寿命提供有力保障。     

百口泉地下水电导率与溶解性总固体相关性讨论

由于溶解性总固体的测定较为复杂,平行性、稳定性差,而电导率的测定简便、迅速,重现性、稳定性好,若二者相关关系显著,可通过测定电导率,按一定的比例推算水中溶解性总固体的量。通过对百口泉地下水的溶解性总固体与电导率的相关性的监测、分析,经统计检验,线性关系显著,其比值范围在065～076,均值为07,即百口泉地下水的电导率1μs/cm相当于070mg/L的溶解性总固体。     

重碳酸型地下水矿化度测定方法的探讨——以洛阳市浅层地下水为例

矿化度是地下水化学成份测定的重要指标，在环境监测中，用重量法测定矿化度是目前普遍采用的方法。其缺点主要为费时，繁琐，耗电。本文通过测定洛阳市地下水的电导率，分析对比电导率与矿化度的关联，并进一步用回归方程确定电导率与矿化度之间的数量关系，探索出用电导率法间接测定地下水矿化度，具有快速，经济，准确的优点。     

2013年眉山市东坡区主城区降水化学组成特征

为了更好地了解眉山市东坡区主城区降水的化学组成特征,本文于2013年在东坡区环境监测站所在点采集到32场降水,并采用离子色谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计以及流动注射分析仪等分析降水中水溶性无机离子组份浓度,同时使用电导率仪测定降水的电导率,通过对这些数据的分析,总结得出:降水电导率加权年均值为100μs/cm,加权年均总离子浓度为982.21μeq/L,这两数的值均高于国内部分主要城市。另外,降水中主要组份依次是SO2-4、Ca2+、NO-3和NH+4,四者占总离子浓度的87%。NO-3/SO2-4质量浓度比的年均值为0.27,远小于1,说明本地区降水污染主要来自固定污染源。最后使用SPSS 19.0软件对降水中主要水溶性无机离子浓度进行相关性分析,推断出某些离子可能来自相同的污染源。     

新疆典型绿洲盐渍化土壤特征分析

土壤盐渍化是影响区域生态环境稳定性以及制约农业生产发展的重要因素。对土壤特性进行研究是开展精细农业实践必要的基础研究。本文采用传统统计学方法、相关分析与主成分分析方法,分析新疆典型盐渍化区域渭-库绿洲的土壤含盐量、电导率、TDS、pH值、含水量及主要盐基离子的特征值以及相互之间的关系。结果显示,研究区土壤pH值相对稳定;土壤含盐量具有不均匀分布特征;土壤盐分的分布是有较强的表聚特征。绝大多数时间,矿化度与电导率,电导率与含盐量,SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、Cl~-等离子与表层土壤含盐量之间具有较好的正相关关系,而其他各指标之间的相关关系不太明显。研究区土壤中硫酸盐、氯化物在表层积聚相对强烈;土壤盐渍化类型是属于氯化物型,研究区土壤还在聚盐状态。     

YX-OFM-I饮食业油烟浓度在线监控系统

由宇星科技发展（深圳）有限公司开发的YX-OFM-I饮食业油烟浓度在线监控系统，适用于饮食业油烟的在线监测。
　　主要技术内容
　　一、基本原理
　　依据微粒荷电聚集原理进行设计，当监测仪的探头置于烟道中，有油烟通过时，探头中检测传感器的电导率会随着油烟浓度的增大而增大，通过电路即可将电导率的变化转换为与该气体浓度相对应的电压输出信号，再通过转换即可得出当前烟道中的油烟浓度。     

重量法和电导法测定无机盐含盐量的比较

笔者分析了各类无机盐电导率以及重量法含盐量与实际含盐量的关系,结果表明,单一无机盐及混合无机盐电导率与实际含盐量都呈显著线性相关关系。当高盐水中含有MgCl_2或Na_3PO_4时,用重量法测其含盐量误差较大。因此,针对复杂的行业废水监测,相比重量法,电导法更能反映实际含盐量。     

标准溶液直读法标定电导电极常数的探讨

目前电导率测定在实验室是一个十分普遍而重要的项目,标定电极常数的方法有直接测定法和比较测定法。在直接测定法的基础上,针对现代数显电导仪的特点,设计了标准溶液直读法标定电极常数,绕过了标定过程中需要测定电导G(电阻)的步骤。该方法直观易懂,操作简单,不需要计算,省时省力,适用于所有需要调节并能读出该电极常数的电导率仪。     

印染废水反渗透膜处理回用技术

介绍了印染废水反渗透膜处理回用的原理、运作流程,并对膜处理产水进行了水质测试,评估其回用于生产的可行性。结果证明,印染废水经反渗透膜处理后含盐量和电导率大大降低,回用水的各项指标均达到印染生产用水要求,可满足中高档印染产品的生产需要。     

瓦里关地区降水pH值和电导率的初步分析

要对中国大气本底基准现象台降水化学监测系统进行了描述,对1998年5月至2000年8月期间,在瓦里关山获得的141个降水样品进行了pH值和电导率的分析,其结果显示：（1）本套系统降水发生的随时性和总体质量控制特征的自动化程度较高,是国内目前较先进的一套降水化学监测系统。（2）瓦里关地区1998－2000年期间pH平均值为6．199,范围在5．00－8．50之间,且降水样品的pH值呈中性,有下降的趋势,（3）电导率平均为24．71μs/cm,范围在1．00－50．00μs/cm之间,且夏季高于夏季,降水较洁净。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.