BP人工神经网络模型在西鞍山铁矿地下水水质评价中的应用

以西鞍山铁矿为例,采用BP人工神经网络模型对区内12个监测点的水质进行评价。以枯水期水质监测的主成分总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、铁和锰、硝酸盐、氟化物指标作为评价因子,建立地下水评价指标体系,并将评价结果与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果比较。结果表明,8、9、10、11号监测点属于Ⅰ类水,1、2、3、4、6、7、12号监测点属于Ⅱ类水,5号监测点属于Ⅲ类水,西鞍山铁矿的开采未对地下水造成影响;该方法与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果基本一致,可以客观、合理性地评价水质。     

模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法可以在保留数据原始信息的基础上有效地降低数据维度，从而将影响地下水质的多因子简化为几个综合因子，但对地下水的综合水质状况无法直接表达；模糊综合评价法能直接给出水体综合水质情况结论，但评价因子多为人为选取，存在较强的主观性。以辽宁思山岭矿区地下水水质现状评价为例，利用主成分分析法选取影响各断面水质的关键因子，将其作为模糊综合评价的评价因子，建立了模糊?主成分分析综合评价法的地下水水质耦合评价模型。研究结果表明，该模型能很好地体现分析因子对评价结果带来的影响，使得评价结果更科学、合理。     

西藏生活垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量调查评价

采用标准指数法、综合评价法和灰色关联分析法对西藏地区4个典型垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量进行分析和评价。结果表明：各填埋场各评价因子均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类标准；各填埋场临近地表水环境综合水质均呈现上游监测点优于下游监测点；综合水质现状为尚清洁—清洁；灰色关联分析法评价结果为工布江达县生活垃圾填埋场下游监测点水质为Ⅱ类，其他填埋场各监测点水质均为Ⅰ类。各填埋场临近地表水水质现状满足其水域功能区要求，受填埋场污染环境影响较小。     

黔江区饮用水源地水质模糊综合评价研究

采用模糊综合评价模型的最大隶属及加权平均原则对黔江城区饮用水水源地(小南海水库、城北水库和洞塘水库)水质进行评价,并将评价结果与常规单因素分析法、富营养化评价的结果作对比分析。研究表明,采用最大隶属原则评价显示3个水源地的水质基本保持在Ⅱ类以上,采用隶属度加权平均原则评价水质结果为1.47级,而单因子评价结果显示3个水源地水质结果均为Ⅲ类以上。另外,模糊综合评价结果与富营养化评价结果相一致,说明模糊综合评价模型评价结果更直观、连续。     

深圳市浅层地下水环境状况调查及保护对策

依托深圳市浅层地下水质量监测调查成果,开展全市浅层地下水质量评估工作。结果显示:多数监测点位水质属《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—1993)的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类标准,综合质量评价水质为较差级别。深圳市浅层地下水环境质量不容乐观,需要加强地下水环境的保护。在此基础上分析深圳市浅层地下水环境质量较差的原因,并提出地下水环境保护对策及建议。     

不同水质评价方法在漕桥河的应用与分析

选择单因子指数法、综合指数评价法及模糊综合评价法对漕桥河2008年—2011年的水质进行评价，并结合评价结果对3种评价方法进行分析比较。结果表明，采用模糊综合评价方法可以正确、全面地反映漕桥河的水质状况。     

地下水环境质量评价方法

分析了ＧＢ／Ｔ１４８４８－９３《地下水质量标准》提出的评价方法和使用范围的局限性，根据建设项目环境影响评价实际，提出采用模糊综合评判结合单因子污染指数法描述污控因子，评价地下水环境质量的方法，给出模糊综合评判方法步骤，并以实例说明其应用情况。     

代表性水质评价方法的比较研究

从太湖流域国控断面常规监测数据出发,利用代表性水质评价方法对各断面进行评价,系统分析比较这些方法的优缺点。结果显示:①单因子指数法评价结果比较保守;②内梅罗指数法将"1"作为清洁与污染的分界点,指数偏小;③灰色关联分析法水质指标权重系数的确定较模糊综合评判法合理,结果也更接近于综合水质标志指数法;④综合水质标志指数法评价结果与其它评价方法结果重合度最高,且模糊评判法、灰色关联分析法和BP-ANN法的评价结果均向综合水质标志指数法逼近。综合水质标志指数法以单因子指数法为基础,对劣Ⅴ类水进行细化,将恶臭对水质的不利影响考虑其中,其指数组成合理,且易于操作施行。     

改进的模糊综合评价法在太湖水质类别判定中的应用

水质判别是一个多参数多级别的模糊概念，基础的模糊综合评价法存在局限性，对基础模糊数学法中隶属度函数及最大隶属度原则进行改进，建立一种改进的模糊综合评价法。以太湖流域水质判别为实例验证了此方法比传统的方法更有效，且适合在太湖流域应用。     

乌鲁木齐河流域浅层地下水防污性能评价

地下水防污性能的评价是确定地下水资源保护措施是否可行的关键。本文根据乌鲁木齐河流域浅层地下水水文地质状况，采用DRASTIC模型，选取包气带岩性、厚度与结构、地形作为评价因子，在乌鲁木齐河流域地下水污染现状评价的基础上，用模糊综合评判法评价了地下水防污性能，从而为乌鲁木齐河流域地下水污染防治提供了依据。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。