京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响研究

京津冀地区位于我国北方农牧交错带前缘,坝上、燕山、太行山等地区是区域水源的主要发源地,同样是京津及华北平原的主要生态屏障。对京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响进行评价,具有重要现实意义。本文根据京津冀地区矿产资源开发现状、规划空间布局和生态环境特点,综合运用GIS空间分析技术和生态风险理论,从矿产资源的空间布局合理性角度入手,分析京津冀地区矿产资源开发利用的生态环境影响,并以此识别区域内矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区和较高发区。结果显示,京津冀地区矿产资源开发空间布局与燕山、太行山山地水源涵养与水土保持区、坝上高原风沙防护区等生态功能区存在空间重叠,规模性的矿产开发会对区域内的水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性维护等生态功能构成持续性影响;高海拔地区的高强度开矿同样会加剧水土流失和荒漠化。天津市滨海区,承德市宽城满族自治县,邯郸市武安市等市县因密集分布了已有的矿产开发企业,并囊括了近期矿产资源开发的众多矿区,矿产资源开发的遗留性问题也比较突出,成为矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区。在生态影响分析基础上,本文提出了有针对性的空间差异性生态保护对策,以期为京津冀地区矿产资源开发布局优化提供技术支撑。     

某区域内矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

探究区域内矿区土壤重金属变化并对其进行污染评价,旨在为该区域环境保护及污染治理提供一定的理论依据,以期实现矿山地质环境保护与矿产资源开发并行的矿业绿色发展。以铅、锌、镉、砷含量为评价指标,结合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—2018),采用重金属单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行重金属污染评价,并对该区域矿区潜在生态风险作出评定。结果表明,A矿区土壤各重金属含量的变异系数为149.05%~211.42%,B矿区土壤各重金属含量变异系数为60.88%~118.58%;A矿区土壤重金属均出现超标现象,其中铅、锌和镉含量超标较为严重,超标率在72%以上,而砷含量超标现象则相对较轻,超标率为36.36%;B矿区土壤铅和锌含量均未出现超标,超标率为0,而砷和镉含量则出现不同程度的超标,其中砷含量超标率为92.31%,镉含量超标率为65.38%;两个矿区土壤各重金属含量均超背景值的现象,超背景值比例为42.31%~100.00%。A矿区土壤以铅、锌和镉污染为主,而B矿区土壤中砷和镉的污染较为严重。两个矿区土壤重金属综合污染指数均属重度污染,A矿区生态风险综合指数为很强生态风险危害,而B矿区为中等生态风险危害。     

Surface iron ore mining in eastern India and local level sustainability

Mining often brings certain irreversible changes to the surrounding environment. Different types of natural resources mostly surround the mines. Degradation of natural resources around the active mining zone may adversely affect the local economy. After cessation of mining operations local people may no longer be able to sustain their livelihood from the surrounding degraded natural resource; there are chances that the economy of the region will be shattered. The paper deals with this problem of local level sustainability of iron ore mining in eastern India. This problem is examined in the light of different theories of sustainability and national policies. By using household survey data, sustainability of iron ore mining in this region is tested. Substitution of depleting natural capital with other forms of capital can promote long-term sustainability of the local economy. This necessitates certain policy interventions to induce the mine operators to reinvest some part of their resource rent in the natural capital of the region.     

From Bathymetry to Bioshields: A Review of Post-Tsunami Ecological Research in India and its Implications for Policy

More than half a decade has passed since the December 26th 2004 tsunami hit the Indian coast leaving a trail of ecological, economic and human destruction in its wake. We reviewed the coastal ecological research carried out in India in the light of the tsunami. In addition, we also briefly reviewed the ecological research in other tsunami affected countries in Asia namely Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives in order to provide a broader perspective of ecological research after tsunami. A basic search in ISI Web of Knowledge using keywords “tsunami” and “India” resulted in 127 peer reviewed journal articles, of which 39 articles were pertaining to ecological sciences. In comparison, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives had, respectively, eight, four, 21 and two articles pertaining to ecology. In India, bioshields received the major share of scientific interest (14 out of 39) while only one study (each) was dedicated to corals, seagrasses, seaweeds and meiofauna, pointing to the paucity of research attention dedicated to these critical ecosystems. We noted that very few interdisciplinary studies looked at linkages between pure/applied sciences and the social sciences in India. In addition, there appears to be little correlation between the limited research that was done and its influence on policy in India. This review points to gap areas in ecological research in India and highlights the lessons learnt from research in other tsunami-affected countries. It also provides guidance on the links between science and policy that are required for effective coastal zone management.     

Traditional Indian beliefs: a key toward sustainable living

India is known for the moral ethos of its people. Indian beliefs have been associated with compassion and respect for nature and its creations since ages. The religious beliefs of Jain, Vedic and Buddhist traditions in India established the principles of ecological harmony centuries ago. Indian religious and philosophical traditions embody the earliest concept of environmental ethics. Some of the important traditional environmental beliefs prevalent in India in which nature has been valued are discussed here. In Rajasthan, a desert state of India, the Khejri tree is valued for its moisture-retaining properties, and it is not axed even if it comes between the constructions. The live example of this is cited in Salasar Balaji temple in Sikar district. A Bishnoi cult of India inhabiting the Jodhpur region is known for wildlife protection specially the famous Black Buck that is an endangered species. Some areas popularly known as sacred groves or orans that are dedicated to a local deity worshipped by the inhabitants of that area are especially reserved for biodiversity conservation, and anthropogenic activities are completely prohibited. These and many more similar examples show that traditional beliefs of Indian societies have got a deeper understanding of the ecological system and have been completely integrated with nature to evolve sustainable lifestyle.     

章丘市地下水可持续利用研究

章丘市水资源储量丰富,但由于人工开采、工农业生产、矿坑排水等原因造成了严重的泉水断流,现已成为严重的资源型缺水地区。为了保证国民经济的持续发展,保护和改善生态环境,根据章丘市水文地质情况,提出了合理开采地表水与地下水、节水与提高重复利用率、加强地下水资源污染的防治与保护等措施。这些措施可以从根本上解决章丘市水资源短缺和水环境质量恶化的问题,并最终实现以水资源的可持续利用来支撑整个国民经济可持续发展的目的。     

Informal coal mining in Eastern India: Evidence from the Raniganj Coalbelt

Unauthorized mines are not uncommon in mineral-rich regions of poorer countries, and India is no exception. Whether they constitute merely a law and order problem including safety issues, or there are important social and economic questions involved has yet to be thrashed out. The mining industry, at regional, national and international levels, is ambivalent towards such mining, tending to draw attention away from their informal nature to the size factor.
This article looks into the problem of such informal mining in the light of empirical surveys in eastern Indian collieries. These are called peoples' mines and they serve a significant purpose in local economies. The article's thesis is that peasant communities are trying to claim back a portion of the local resources lost to them through appropriation by mining companies thus re-asserting their traditional rights to local mineral resources. In conclusion, the need for a new moral economy for mining regions is stressed: an economy in which local communities will play a powerful role.     

Hydropower,adaptive management,and Biodiversity

Adaptive management is a policy framework within which an iterative process of decision making is followed based on the observed responses to and effectiveness of previous decisions. The use of adaptive management allows science-based research and monitoring of natural resource and ecological community responses, in conjunction with societal values and goals, to guide decisions concerning man's activities. The adaptive management process has been proposed for application to hydropower operations at Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, a situation that requires complex balancing of natural resources requirements and competing human uses. This example is representative of the general increase in public interest in the operation of hydropower facilities and possible effects on downstream natural resources and of the growing conflicts between uses and users of river-based resources. This paper describes the adaptive management process, using the Glen Canyon Dam example, and discusses ways to make the process work effectively in managing downstream natural resources and biodiversity.     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

云南省以其得天独厚的自然条件孕育了丰富而又脆弱的生物多样性资源，然而外来物种入侵破坏了云南的生物多样性，威胁到国家的生态安全。分析了外来物种入侵、生物多样性及生态安全三者之间的关系，提出生物多样性资源是我国的核心竞争力所在，要将维护生态安全提升到国家战略高度予以重视，同时采取多种措施防范外来物种入侵。     

Financial assurance and mine closure: Stakeholder expectations and effects on operating decisions

Financial assurance is increasingly seen as a means to ensure orderly, clean and lasting closure of mines. Broadly interpreted, “closure” requires leaving viable ecosystems on mining lands that are compatible with a healthy environment and with human activities, that have low hazard, and that encompass measures to prevent ongoing pollution from the site in the long-term. Financial assurance encompasses environmental surety instruments that protect the government and public in the event a mining company cannot meet its reclamation or rehabilitation obligations. As such, financial assurance is in essence the money available for closure of the mine in the case when the mine owner is not available to perform the work. A general trend towards greater environmental concern among social stakeholders in mining further serves to focus attention on policies and practices that can actually “assure” financial assurance.Financial assurance is also perceived as a means to address closure-related challenges that are increasing in number as well as diversity. Notably, current trends involve a shift towards a greater focus to the societal aspects of mine closure rather than just the ecological. The use of financial assurance, however, also raises some fundamental questions about how assurance mechanisms influence mining operations and the relationship between mining operations and their surroundings. This paper examines both the internal effect of a variety of financial assurance approaches on mining operations—in particular the manner in which environmental and social concerns are addressed by mining firms, and the almost inevitable tension between some form of financial provision for closure on the one hand, and governmental expectations of tax revenue on the other. As a major argument for supporting the conduct of mining is that state revenues from the extractive industries supply monies for the building of human and infrastructural capital, this second area of tension also has strong social and developmental overtones.     

矿区废弃地植被恢复中的森林生态效益计量分析

基于矿区废弃地植被恢复的视角，在分析矿区废弃地生态系统脆弱性和森林生态效益价值计量理论与方法的基础上，探讨了森林生态效益计量问题。结合矿区废弃地的相关特点，对矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益计量的具体指标进行了筛选。通过研究，选出涵养水源、净化大气、生物多样性保护、保持水土、游憩效益5个具体效益价值计量指标，为今后矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益价值的计量研究提供借鉴。     

牦牛坪稀土矿区生态环境现状及治理建议

本文通过对牦牛坪矿区的生态环境现状进行调查、分析，针对破坏和污染现状提出针对性的治理建议，为促进四川省稀土行业生态发展、实现矿区经济、社会、环境效益的协调发展提供参考。     

Assessment of Vegetation Establishment on Tailings Dam at an Iron Ore Mining Site of Suburban Beijing, China, 7 Years After Reclamation with Contrasting Site Treatment Methods

Strip-mining operations greatly disturb soil, vegetation and landscape elements, causing many ecological and environmental problems. Establishment of vegetation is a critical step in achieving the goal of ecosystem restoration in mining areas. At the Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in suburban Beijing, China, we investigated selective vegetation and soil traits on a tailings dam 7 years after site treatments with three contrasting approaches: (1) soil covering (designated as SC), (2) application of a straw mat, known as “vegetation carpet”, which contains prescribed plant seed mix and water retaining agent (designated as VC), on top of sand piles, and (3) combination of soil covering and application of vegetation carpet (designated as SC+VC). We found that after 7 years of reclamation, the SC+VC site had twice the number of plant species and greater biomass than the SC and VC sites, and that the VC site had a comparable plant abundance with the SC+VC site but much less biodiversity and plant coverage. The VC site did not differ with the SC site in the vegetation traits, albeit low soil fertility. It is suggested that application of vegetation carpet can be an alternative to introduction of topsoil for treatment of tailings dam with fine-structured substrate of ore sands. However, combination of topsoil treatment and application of vegetation carpet greatly increases vegetation coverage and plant biodiversity, and is therefore a much better approach for assisting vegetation establishment on the tailings dam of strip-mining operations. While application of vegetation carpet helps to stabilize the loose surface of fine-structured mine wastes and to introduce seed bank, introduction of fertile soil is necessary for supplying nutrients to plant growth in the efforts of ecosystem restoration of mining areas.     

基于RS和GIS的万源市生态保护红线划定方法研究

有效划定生态保护红线是维护国家生态安全的需要,改善环境质量的关键举措.以万源市作为研究区域,基于不同角度的生态功能重要性评估方法,采用地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术,遥感(Remote Sensing,和RS)技术,开展水源涵养、土壤保持以及生物多样性等三类生态系...     

柳江国家地质公园的科学价值与地质环境保护

秦皇岛柳江国家地质公园以地质遗迹资源丰富、地貌景观多样而闻名,具有重要的科学研究价值和旅游价值。然而地方政府为满足短期经济发展的需要,过度开发园区内的煤炭、水泥灰岩等矿产资源,致使一些珍贵的地质遗迹被破坏。为此,从政策、法规以及宣传教育层面对地质遗迹的保护提出一些建议。     

Mining investment promotion

Attitudes in developing countries with respect to private investment in natural resources have changed substantially in recent years. Countries must now compete for such investment by ensuring that policies pertaining to state participation, financing, marketing and taxation of mining ventures provide the investor with returns that are commensurate with the risks taken. Governments must also be prepared to help the investor compete on world markets through lower capital and operating costs. This entails granting exemptions of customs, excise and value added taxes as well as providing for policies on taxation, government participation, industrial relations, safety and environment, and procurement and personnel that are in line with international mining industry standards. Efforts to promote mining sector investment through the strengthening of technical ministries, preparation of basic geological and project information, investment symposia and an international mining council can be helpful in bringing opportunities to the attention of the investment community. But, these efforts can only succeed if the policy changes now being put into place continue to evolve and contribute to an atmosphere in which entrepreneurship and private investment can flourish.     

Integrating biodiversity conservation and addressing economic needs: An experience with Nepal's community forestry

The forests of Nepal, which in the past were at least nominally under the direct control of the state, are today increasingly entrusted to local people in the name of community forestry (CF). CF is considered a successful endeavour in managing forest resources, conserving biodiversity and supplying people with basic economic needs. In order to assess to what extent the two goals of biodiversity conservation and meeting economic needs of people have been integrated through CF, four community forestry user groups (CFUGs) were studied in the Mid-hills ecological zone. Based on a participatory survey and a critical review of the statutes and operational plans of these CFUGs, it was found that integration of biodiversity conservation was still insufficient, and that improvements in the policy and management regimes of CF are necessary to achieve a balance between biodiversity conservation and economic use of the forest resources.     

中国自然保护地70年发展历程与成效

新中国成立70年来,我国自然保护地体系逐步完善。在生态系统与重要自然资源保护方面,形成了由自然保护区、风景名胜区、森林公园、地质公园、自然文化遗产、湿地公园、水产种质资源保护区、海洋特别保护区、特别保护海岛等组成的保护地体系。在生态空间保护方面,率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线,构建了以重要生态功能区、生态脆弱区和生物多样性保护区为主体的生态保护红线技术体系,成为我国新世纪一项重大生态保护工程,并开展了生态功能区划、主体功能区划。在保护机制上,于2015年启动了国家公园体制,并开展试点示范。本文从以上三个方面概要分析了我国自然保护地的发展历程和发展成效。     

The legal environmental risk analysis (LERA) sample of mining and the environment in Turkish legislation

As advancing technology and increasing demands for natural resources continue to mount pressure on the environment, environmental conservation and sustainable management have become ever more important. Individual countries have been increasingly taking action to reduce environmental destruction caused by human activities in an attempt to find a balance in between the necessary exploitation of resources and environmental conservation. In Turkey, the struggle between environmental conservation and mining activities is set within the legal context, with the requisite legal regulations (which describe various procedures) in the midst of being updated or renewed. The legal environmental risk analysis (LERA), beginning by discussing the main legal regulations of environmental conservation in relation to mining activities, defines basic environmental components which form the basis of environmental conservation in relation to mining, and analyzes the impact of mining on each component. The analysis (LERA) finishes with an evaluation of the components as they currently stand and makes some suggestions for the improvement of insufficient regulations.