郑州市13种绿化带植物中铅质量比的对比研究

利用石墨炉-原子吸收光谱法测定郑州市13种绿化带植物叶片中铅质量比,结果表明:植物叶片中铅质量比范围在0.16 mg/kg~7.65 mg/kg之间。不同空间分布的植物铅质量比差异显著,总体呈现草坪植物灌木乔木的趋势;同一采样点不同植物叶片铅质量比不同;同一植物不同组织部位铅质量比也不同;其中月季花、金叶女贞、白花三叶草作为铅富集能力较强的绿化带植物,有望成为城市空气铅污染修复的理想植物材料。     

无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化——个案研究

研究了江苏南通某乡镇土壤铅的污染以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米铅污染严重。通过盆栽实验建立了水稻对铅的吸收积累及评估模型,提出了符合该地区大米安全生产的土壤铅临界含量值,为土壤铅环境质量标准的研究提供了参考实例。同时结合国内外环境质量标准的对比,提出无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化,建议制/修订土壤铅环境质量标准值。土壤环境二级标准值由现行的250～350mg/kg改为80mg/kg。     

不同类型企业周边土壤中多环芳烃来源解析与风险评价

研究对比了山东省不同类型污染企业周边土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,结果表明:化工、钢铁、焦化企业周边土壤中ΣPAHs范围分别为41.4μg/kg～804μg/kg、1 230μg/kg～1 945μg/kg和776μg/kg～1 299μg/kg,土壤中PAHs成分谱轮廓相似,4～6环PAHs占比普遍高于2～3环。特征比值法源解析表明,PAHs主要来源于煤、焦炉、木材等的不完全燃烧。企业周边土壤PAHs污染与企业产业结构有关,钢铁、焦化、石化等大量消耗化石燃料的企业周边土壤中10种PAHs的毒性当量浓度TEQ_(Bap)超标0.6倍～3.8倍,而高分子化工、精细化工、农药化工等企业周边土壤受PAHs污染较轻,均满足荷兰土壤质量标准。     

南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值的研究

通过对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的工作条件和参数进行优化,建立了ICP-MS测定铅同位素比值的精确方法,测量了2007—2009年南极中山站采集到的气溶胶样品中208Pb/206Pb、207Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb的比值。结果表明,南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值在逐年缓慢地发生线性变化,线性相关系数为0.996 2;气溶胶铅同位素示踪揭示南极附近国家(除南非)释放的铅可能成为南极大气中铅的重要来源。     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中铅

采用流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铅,工作曲线线性关系良好,检出限为0.25 mg/kg,相对标准偏差＜3.5%,加标回收率为93.0%～105%.该方法简便快速,测定结果准确可靠.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海产品中铅及其同位素比值

采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海产品中铅含量及其同位素比。通过选择本底铅浓度低的硝酸降低背景值,选择合适内标以减少仪器波动带来的误差,使得该方法在0μg/L~100μg/L范围内线性良好,~(204)Pb、~(206)Pb、~(207)Pb和208Pb的方法检出限为0.041μg/L~0.180μg/L。用该方法测定有证标准物质,结果在标准值范围内,海产品样品6次测定结果的RSD为3.1%~8.6%,加标回收率为89.9%~96.3%。26种海产品中总铅质量比为0.018 mg/kg~2.32 mg/kg,铅同位素~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb值为0.783 55~0.881 61。     

油菜对铅镉污染土壤的修复效果研究

文章通过盆栽实验分析油菜在不同浓度下对土壤中铅、镉的富集能力,分别配制Pb+Cd浓度为0mg/kg+0mg/kg、200mg/kg+5mg/kg、500mg/kg+10mg/kg、1000mg/kg+15mg/kg、1500mg/kg+20mg/kg的5种模拟污染土壤,种植油菜5个月后收获,通过测定土壤中Pb、Cd的浓度,油菜地上部分、地下部分Pb、Cd的含量,油菜各部位的转运系数和富集系数,结果表明:油菜对土壤Pb、Cd污染具有一定的耐性,在土壤Pb浓度0~200mg/kg、Cd浓度0~5mg/kg范围内,对油菜的生长有促进作用。在土壤Pb浓度200~1500mg/kg、Cd浓度5~20mg/kg范围内,对油菜的生长有抑制作用。油菜根部、茎叶中和籽粒中对Pb的富集系数分别为8.92、11.19和7.66,对Cd的富集系数分别为59.01、80.44和52.42,油菜茎叶对Pb、Cd的富集能力最强。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定蔬菜中痕量铅和镉

采用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定蔬菜中痕量铅和镉,优化了微波消解程序和石墨炉工作条件,讨论了基体改进剂和微波消解用酸的选择.该方法测定蔬菜中铅和镉的检出限为0.002 mg/kg和0.001 mg/kg,RSD为0.1%～4.3%,加标回收率为98.0%～104%.     

淮南市耕地质量等级空间分布特征及影响因子研究

通过在立地条件、剖面性状、耕层理化性状、土壤养分、健康状况、农田管理等6个方面选取15～18个指标对淮南市耕地质量进行综合评价,并分析其空间分布特征及主要影响因子。结果表明：淮南市耕地总面积为349 170.18 hm2,耕地质量等级平均为3.70等级,高产田（1～3等级）占比50.67%,中产田（4～6等级）占比44.79%,低产田（7～8等级）占比4.54%;耕地质量空间分布与土壤类型分布相关性明显;耕地土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾均值分别为24.5 g/kg、2768 mg/kg和140 mg/kg,均处于中等水平,质量等级较高的耕地,其土壤主要养分含量也相对较高。耕地质量主要影响指标为灌溉能力、排水能力、地形部位及土壤养分含量。     

霞湾港沉积物铅形态及垂直分布特征

采用Tessier五步浸提法对湘江霞湾港的沉积物垂直样品进行处理,分别提取可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态5种形态的铅,并采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定其含量。结果表明,位于霞湾港下游的采样点2的铅污染较严重。3个采样点位沉积物中的铅总质量比为116.52 mg/kg~262.85 mg/kg,不同深度沉积物中铅主要以铁锰氧化物态和残渣态存在,其比例为60.5%~87.0%,而可被生物吸收利用的有效态(碳酸盐结合态和可交换态)铅占比相对较低,仅为2.8%~11.1%。     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉土壤中砷的垂直分布特征

本研究在贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区采集了55个土壤剖面（0 ～ 85 cm）,以分析研究区内土壤砷的垂直变化趋势.结果表明,研究区内土壤砷的垂直分布极为广泛,在85 cm深的剖面砷含量为19.067 ～ 179.62mg/kg,均高于全国平均水平.同时还发现,距离污染源越近土壤剖面中的砷含量,无论是表层还是下层均高于未受或少受煤矿废水灌溉土壤中的砷含量.农田土壤中高含量砷的来源,除受当地高砷的地质背景影响外,高砷煤矿废水的灌溉也是重要的因素,砷在研究区内的垂直变化没有呈现出统一的规律.     

The potential of elemental and isotopic analysis of tree bark for discriminating sources of airborne lead contamination in the UK

Samples of tree bark, which accumulate airborne material, were collected from seven locations in the UK to provide an indication of the magnitude and source of lead pollution. Measurement of the Pb content and 206/207Pb stable isotope ratio by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed significant differences between the sites. The concentration of Pb varied over almost four orders of magnitude from 7.2 to 9,600 micrograms g-1, the maximum values being found near a 'secondary' Pb smelter. The 206/207Pb isotope ratios varied from 1.108 +/- 0.002 to 1.169 +/- 0.001. The lowest Pb concentrations and highest isotope ratios were detected in bark samples from the Scilly Isles, reflecting the low-level of industry and road traffic. In contrast, samples obtained from a city centre (Sheffield) and near a motorway (M1) contained 25-46 micrograms g-1 Pb and recorded the lowest 206/207Pb ratios. Higher concentrations in the vicinity of a coal-fired power station recorded a 206/207Pb ratio of 1.14, suggesting a significant contribution from fly-ash. The relative contribution of lead from petrol (206/207Pb = 1.08) and other sources such as coal (206/207Pb = 1.18) were thus estimated using mass balance equations. Tree bark near the lead smelter recorded an intermediate 206/207Pb ratio of 1.13 reflecting the processing of material of mixed origin.     

Distribution and assessment of Pb in the supergene environment of the Huainan Coal Mining Area,Anhui, China

Coal mining area is highly subject to lead (Pb) pollution from coal mining activities. Several decades of coal mining and processing practices in dozens of coal mines in the Huainan Coal Mining Area (HCMA) have led to the accumulation of massive amounts of coal gangue, which piled in dumps. In order to investigate the impacts of coal gangue dumps on Pb level in the supergene media of the HCMA, a systematic sampling campaign comprising coal gangue, soil, wheat, and earthworm samples was conducted. The average Pb content in the coal mining area soil is 24 mg/kg, which is slightly higher than the associated coal gangues (23 mg/kg) and markedly higher than reference region soil (12.6 mg/kg). Soil in the HCMA present a slight to moderate Pb contamination, which might be related to the weathering and leaching of coal gangue dumps. Lateral distribution of Pb in HCMA soil differed among individual coal mines. The soil profile distribution of Pb depends on both natural and anthropogenic contributions. Average Pb content is higher in roots than in stems, leaves, and wheat husks, while the Pb level in seeds exceeded the maximum Pb allowance for foods (Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods of China, GB 2762–2012). Earthworms in the selected area are significantly enriched in Pb, suggesting higher bio-available Pb level in soil in the HCMA.     

Small mammals as biomonitors of metal pollution: a case study in Slovenia

The transfer of lead, cadmium, zinc, mercury, copper and molybdenum from soil to the tissues of small mammals inhabiting differently polluted areas in Slovenia was investigated. Metals were determined in soil samples and in the livers of 139 individuals of five small mammal species, collected in 2012 in the vicinity of a former lead smelter, the largest Slovenian thermal power plant, along a main road and in a control area. The area in the vicinity of former lead smelter differs considerably from other study areas. The soil from that area is heavily polluted with Pb and Cd. The mean metal concentrations in the liver, irrespective of species, varied in the following ranges—Pb: 0.40–7.40 mg/kg fw and Cd: 0.27–135 mg/kg fw and reached effect concentrations at which toxic effects can be expected in a significant proportion of the livers of the small mammal specimens (Pb 40 %, Cd 67 %). These findings indicate that the majority of small mammals trapped in the area of the former lead smelter are at risk of toxic effects due to the very high bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd in the organism. On the contrary, Pd and Cd concentrations in the livers of small mammals sampled in the vicinity of the thermal power plant and along the main road were comparable with reference values and considerably lower than effect concentrations. Additionally, the study suggests that Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus are very suitable biomonitors of metal pollution.     

徽县铅锌冶炼区土壤中重金属的空间分布特征

采集甘肃省徽县铅锌冶炼区域土壤样品,分析该区域内重金属污染分布规律及污染特征。结果表明,表层土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的平均含量分别为214、3.12、25.8、79.5 mg/kg。研究区域内重金属的分布特征显示,污染浓度由冶炼厂中心向四周递减。纵向0~30 cm范围内重金属含量逐渐降低,大部分重金属污染物集中在土壤表层的0~20 cm区域,其中0~2 cm区域内含量较高,Pb和Cd的最高含量分别达到3 877、24.8 mg/kg,与国家土壤环境质量二级标准(p H 6.5~7.5)(GB 15618—1995)相比,分别超标13、82倍,属于重度污染。重金属元素的分布与土壤有机碳含量及p H相关。冶炼厂周围的重金属污染应引起有关部门的高度重视,严格控制污染源,尽快采取措施以防止污染范围进一步扩大。     

Characterisation of particulate matter emissions from the Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO) Kwekwe Division (Zimbabwe): a ferrochrome smelter

Particulate matter emissions from stack number 2 of a majorferrochrome smelter, Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company(ZIMASCO) were characterized and the rates at which the elementsCr, Fe, Cu and Zn and total ferrochrome dust are emitted into theatmosphere were determined. The extent of soil contamination bythe dust deposited around the smelter in the generally prevailingsoutheasterly wind direction around the smelter was carried out.The highest concentrations of Cr and Fe occurred in the fineparticulates of sizes less than 59 m whilst that of Cu and Znoccurred in the coarse particulates of size range 70-100 m.The emission rates from stack 2 were; total ferrochromeparticulates 62.17 kg h^-1, Cr 6.217 kg h^-1, Fe 2.423 kg h^-1, Zn42 mg h^-1 and 6 mg h^-1 for Cu. Particulate matter was emitted at arate of 289 mg m^-3 from stack number 2. This value exceeds thelegal limit of 200 mg m^-3. Chromium and iron are the metalsin the largest amounts. The particles that constitute the largestproportion of the dust were in the range of 58-107.5 m. Thisis a characteristic feature of the particulate matter emissionsfrom ZIMASCO. Soils in the downwind direction from the smelterwere polluted with Cr up to a distance of about 700 m outward fromthe perimeter of the boundary of the smelter.     

Restoration of properties of cultivated soils polluted by copper and nickel

The long-term observations of the restoration of chemical and biological properties of cultivated podzol soil polluted by airborne emissions from a copper-nickel smelter located in the western Arctic of Russia were carried out. After 8 years, the total content of copper in soil decreased to a third (from 6230 to 2080 mg kg(-1)) and nickel to a sixth (from 3500 to 580 mg kg(-1)). Based on these observations, the removal time for heavy metals to reach permissible levels was calculated. The estimate was 100 years for copper and 108 years for nickel. Soil remained toxic to wheat seedlings, especially to their roots, for the whole observation period. A restoration of the number and activity of soil microorganisms was associated with the reduction in soil metal-toxicity. The number of non-sporeforming saprophytic bacteria was quickly restored concurrently with the removal of metals from the soil; fungal biomass also increased.     

Speciation of mercury in the strongly polluted sediments of the Deûle River (France)

The De?le River in Northern France experienced serious contamination from the metallurgical industry, especially from the smelter Metaleurop prior to 2003. In 2002 the surface sediments were collected from the bed of the river around 10 km above and 10 km below the smelter. Total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations exceeded the background value of 0.1 mg kg(-1). The average concentrations were 19.67 ± 1.02 mg kg(-1) and 10.88 ± 1.08 μg kg(-1), respectively. In 2003 the sediment core samples were collected at two different sites near the factory for survey depth profiles of Hg contamination. The concentrations of HgT and MeHg in sediment cores varied from 10.47 to 259.44 mg kg(-1) and from 3.24 to 82.61 μg kg(-1), respectively. The concentration of total mercury was significantly correlated with the methylmercury concentration in the sediment below a depth of 23.5 cm (R(2) = 0.81, p < 0.01). This may suggest that the production of MeHg is directly related to the HgT concentration. Nevertheless the MeHg/HgT ratio in the upper part of the sediment core was higher than that in the lower part. This suggests that HgT and MeHg may have been co-deposited together. However, the methylmercury production takes place in the surface sediment by microorganisms. The strong correlation observed between MeHg and acid volatile sulfides (AVS) suggests that MeHg variability is associated with the bacterial activity (presence of AVS).     

镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Pb污染状况与空间分布

为了锯镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Ph的污染状况与空间分布,对镇江地区表层土壤中的Cu和Pb进行了采样监测。结果表明,镇江地区表层土壤中cu的含量为19．2～273mg／kg,Pb的含量为20．6～3846mg／kg。与全省土壤背景值相比,均有一定程度的富集。对cu和Pb的相互关系进行分析可得出,镇江地区土壤在一定程度上受到农业面源的污染。     

Characteristics and distribution of analyzed metals in soil profiles in the vicinity of a postflotation waste site in the Bukowno region, Poland

The lead–zinc industry in the Bukowno region of southern Poland has polluted the surface layer of the surrounding soils mainly with lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and thallium (Tl). Analysis of six soil profiles, taken on the east side of the postflotation waste site of the Mining and Metallurgical Plants ZGH "Boles?aw" in Bukowno, showed that they were podzol soils, taking form of loose sands with neutral pH and reducing conditions. Concentration of organic matter in the horizons ranged from 2 to 80 %. The main components of the mineral soil were quartz, carbonates, K-feldspars, plagioclases, and micas (sericite). The highest total concentrations of metals were found in the O, A, and B horizons. Over 90 % of the Cd content, 80 % of the Pb content, 60 % of the Zn content, ～60 % of the Tl content, and 20 % of the As content occurred as mobile forms. The corresponding total concentrations were 10 mg/kg Cd, 922 mg/kg Pb, 694 mg/kg Zn, <1 mg/kg Tl, and <5 mg/kg As. This can potentially be taken up from the soil and transported in the trophic chain. Comparing the total metal content with the legal limits in Poland, it is observed, that the investigated soils exceeded the permissible levels of Cd, Pb, and Zn for agricultural soils. Arsenic and Tl are not reflected in the chemical quality of soil classifications.