废弃电路板双列直插式封装的集成电路芯片回收的经济性分析

废弃电路板电子元件拆除后回收具有较大的利润空间.回收的双列直插式封装(DIP)电子元件多数都保留正常的使用功能,经过适当的处理,检测合格后可以继续使用.提出了基于回收策略的废弃电路板DIP的集成电路(IC)芯片回收工艺,建立了回收经济性评估模型,并对2种回收的IC芯片进行经济性定量评价.     

Falcon离心分选机回收废弃电路板金属的灰色模型研究

电子废弃物的资源化既能实现资源的二次利用,又能防止环境污染,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。论述了Falcon离心分选机分选电路板的机制,并对小于0.5mm废弃电路板中金属富集体进行了分选试验。运用GM(0,N)模型对离心复合力场中回收废弃电路板建立了分选灰色模型,与实际分选结果比较表明,该模型精度很高。该模型可以对离心复合力场中回收废弃电路板金属的分选试验结果进行预测。     

基于Ansys APDL的废旧印刷电路板基板破碎分析

为解决废旧印刷电路板资源化中的粗碎问题,利用Ansys APDL模块和CATIA V5三维设计模块,运用以点代线的方法对电路板受力进行了数值模拟;并根据废旧印刷电路板破碎实验,对数值模拟结果进行验证;同时利用实验测得的数据对辊齿进行数值模拟与分析,验证辊齿在破碎过程中的可靠性。结果显示,铜和复合材料在一点的应力均大于其许用应力,判断其发生了断裂;废旧印刷电路板基板在两齿辊差速运行工况下破碎效果最好,证明以点代线方法可靠;辊齿根部的应力小于其许用应力,可靠性良好。为废旧印刷电路板的粗碎方法研究提供参考。其他差速工况(如9~18 r/min)对破碎效果的影响以及齿辊直径对产量的影响仍有待研究。     

废旧电路板的组成与解离特性研究

废旧印刷电路板是电子废弃物的重要组成部分,含有大量金属、玻璃纤维增强树脂、塑料等有回收利用价值的组分,但处理不当会产生严重污染。在分析中,对细碎到粒度为5mm以下的废旧电路板物料中有价资源的赋存状态和解离特性进行了系统的研究,发现金属与非金属的基本解离粒度为1 2mm,解离度为55. 51%;塑料与其他金属(除铜、铁外)是0. 5mm以上废旧电路板物料中的主要组分,树脂与铜是0 .5mm以下物料中的主要组分;物料中平均金属含量为23. 80%,平均铜含量为5. 78%。     

废旧电路板的组成与解离特性研究

废旧印刷电路板是电子废弃物的重要组成部分，含有大量金属、玻璃纤维增强树脂、塑料等有回收利用价值的组分，但处理不当会产生严重污染。在分析中，对细碎到粒度为5mm以下的废旧电路板物料中有价资源的赋存状态和解离特性进行了系统的研究，发现金属与非金属的基本解离粒度为1．2mm，解离度为55．51％；塑料与其他金属(除铜、铁外)是0．5mm以上废旧电路板物料中的主要组分，树脂与铜是0．5mm以下物料中的主要组分；物料中平均金属含量为23．80％，平均铜含量为5．78％。     

基于无线射频识别技术的废旧汽车回收模型建立及应用研究

针对中国废旧汽车回收过程中缺乏有效信息系统支撑及先进信息采集手段等问题,将无线射频识别技术(RFID)引入到废旧汽车的回收中.从提高回收决策水平、完善产品信息、增加回收价值3个角度阐述了废旧汽车回收对RFID的应用需求.根据循环经济的"3R"原则及RFID的特性,构建了基于RFID的废旧汽车回收模型,分析了废旧汽车回收过程中各主体活动和RFID的应用流程,并提出了RFID应用在废旧汽车回收利用中的建议.     

废旧手机电路板酸性硫脲浸金过程动力学

废旧手机是一种典型电子废弃物,手机电路板中含有较高含量的贵金属,而金的回收是废旧手机资源化研究的热点。以硫脲为络合剂、硫酸铁为氧化剂、硫酸为调节剂,在p H为1.5、固液比为1∶30、硫酸铁质量分数为0.3%的条件下,分别考查了硫脲浓度、反应温度、浸出时间等因素对酸性硫脲浸出废旧手机电路板中金的影响,采用核收缩模型探讨了酸性硫脲浸金体系浸出过程表观动力学,结果表明,酸性硫脲浸金过程的总体控制步骤为固体产物层扩散控制,其浸出过程动力学方程为1-23η-(1-η)23=KDt,硫脲浓度的反应级数为一级反应,该浸出过程表观活化能Ea=19.378 k J/mol。由此推断,在酸性硫脲浸金体系中通过提高反应温度或通过增加硫脲浓度的途径来提高金的浸出率是有限的。     

“互联网+”废旧手机回收模式效率提升问题研究

手机更新换代不断加快,高效且规范地回收不断增加的废旧手机成为目前亟待解决的社会难题,"互联网+"废旧手机回收模式的出现和不断完善使该难题的破解成为可能。在对影响回收效率的各因素及其相互关系进行分析的基础上,构建"互联网+"废旧手机回收模式的系统动力学模型,利用Vensim软件绘制因果回路图、存量流量图,并收集相关数据,针对废旧手机回收价格、信息安全性和物流费用对回收模式效率影响情况进行仿真分析。研究表明,信息安全性是影响"互联网+"废旧手机回收模式效率最重要的因素。     

采用Design-Expert分析多因素对电路板湿法拆解的影响与优化设计

废旧印刷电路板元器件拆解技术的研究是电子废弃物有效利用的重点环节。通过采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件,对拆解过程中氟硼酸浓度,双氧水浓度和时间对铅、锡焊料的溶出率的影响趋势进行研究,得出最终优化实验方案为在双氧水浓度为0.5 mol·L~(-1)、氟硼酸浓度为2.5 mol·L~(-1)、反应时间为35 min的条件下铅、锡的溶出率分别为90.66%和99.91%,可视为铅、锡完全溶解并实现脱焊。该方法实现了电子元器件与印刷电路板的快速分离,将为电子废弃物的资源化提供理论支持和应用支撑。     

机械化学协同抗坏血酸浸出废旧锂离子电池中的有价金属

利用机械化学活化协同抗坏血酸浸出回收废旧锂离子电池(LIBS)中的金属Co、Li,考察了机械化学活化条件及抗坏血酸的浓度对Co、Li浸出的影响,并对该回收系统的经济性进行分析。结果表明,电池正极材料宜在380℃下预处理30min,以有效去除其中的黏结剂;机械化学活化对金属浸出的提升效果明显,其通过改变正极活性物质(LiCoO_2)晶体结构和形貌提升Co、Li的浸出,最佳处理条件为球磨转速650r/m、球磨时间90min、球料比60∶1(质量比)、抗坏血酸摩尔浓度0.26mol/L,在此条件下,Co的浸出率达到98.32%,Li的浸出率达到100.00%。采用机械化学活化协同抗坏血酸浸出可以省去处理过程的溶液加热成本,回收1kg正极活性材料的成本为545.4元,具有一定的经济优势。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.