Methane emission from naturally ventilated livestock buildings can be determined from gas concentration measurements

Determination of emission of contaminant gases as ammonia, methane, or laughing gas from natural ventilated livestock buildings with large opening is a challenge due to the large variations in gas concentration and air velocity in the openings. The close relation between calculated animal heat production and the carbon dioxide production from the animals have in several cases been utilized for estimation of the ventilation air exchange rate for the estimation of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions. Using this method, the problem of the complicated air velocity and concentration distribution in the openings is avoided; however, there are still some important issues remained unanswered: (1) the precision of the estimations, (2) the requirement for the length of measuring periods, and (3) the required measuring point number and location. The purpose of this work was to investigate how estimated average gas emission and the precision of the estimation are influenced by different calculation procedures, measuring period length, measure point locations, measure point numbers, and criteria for excluding measuring data. The analyses were based on existing data from a 6-day measuring period in a naturally ventilated, 150 milking cow building. The results showed that the methane emission can be determined with much higher precision than ammonia or laughing gas emissions, and, for methane, relatively precise estimations can be based on measure periods as short as 3 h. This result makes it feasible to investigate the influence of feed composition on methane emission in a relative large number of operating cattle buildings and consequently it can support a development towards reduced greenhouse gas emission from cattle production.     

Evaluation and optimization of an urban PM2.5 monitoring network

The objective of this study was to evaluate the PM(2.5) monitoring network established in the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky metropolitan area for measuring the 24 h integrated PM(2.5) concentration, as well as-at selected sites-hourly PM(2.5) concentration and 24 h integrated PM(2.5) speciation. The data collected during three years at 13 measurement sites were analyzed for spatial and temporal variations. It was found that both daily and hourly concentrations of PM(2.5) have low spatial variation due to a regional influence of secondary ammonium sulfate. In contrast, the trace element concentrations had high spatial variation. Seasonal variation accounted for most of the total temporal variation (60%), while yearly, monthly, weekly and daily variations were lower. The variance components and cluster analyses were applied to optimize the number of sites for measuring the 24 h PM(2.5) concentration. It was found that the 13-site network may be optimized by reducing the number of sites to 8, which would result in a relative precision reduction of 9% and a relative cost reduction of 36%. At the same time, the data suggest that the spatial resolution of speciation monitors and real-time PM(2.5) mass monitors should be increased to better represent spatial and temporal variations of the markers of local air pollution sources.     

Monitoring of eutrophication by microbial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic matter in waters

The monitoring of eutrophication can be performed by measuring the turnover times of amino acids in watermasses using the Wright-Hobbie uptake kinetics approach.The substrate specificity of amino acids varies greater with turnover times than with sampling location in watermasses with a certain water type. Thus a specific substrate among the essential amino acids should be selected to use for measuring the turnover time, in order to monitor precisely the state of trophic excitation within the steady-state oscillation in a certain aquatic system. On the other hand, either singular or plural substrates among the essential amino acids can be used for measuring the turnover time for the identification of a watermass, relevant to eutrophication.     

生化需氧量智能生物检测仪在废水控制分析中的应用

为解决快速测量生化需氧量，生化需氧量智能生物检测仪对多种废水的实际测定表明，操作简单，测量周期为３０ｍｉｎ，精密度为±１０％左右，特别适用于污水处理中控制分析及批量样品的分析测定。     

Estimation of suspended sediment concentration in rivers using acoustic methods

Acoustic Doppler current meters (ADV, ADCP, and ADP) are widely used in water systems to measure flow velocities and velocity profiles. Although these meters are designed for flow velocity measurements, they can also provide information defining the quantity of particulate matter in the water, after appropriate calibration. When an acoustic instrument is calibrated for a water system, no additional sensor is needed to measure suspended sediment concentration (SSC). This provides the simultaneous measurements of velocity and concentration required for most sediment transport studies. The performance of acoustic Doppler current meters for measuring SSC was investigated in different studies where signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and suspended sediment concentration were related using different formulations. However, these studies were each limited to a single study site where neither the effect of particle size nor the effect of temperature was investigated. In this study, different parameters that affect the performance of an ADV for the prediction of SSC are investigated. In order to investigate the reliability of an ADV for SSC measurements in different environments, flow and SSC measurements were made in different streams located in the Aegean region of Turkey having different soil types. Soil samples were collected from all measuring stations and particle size analysis was conducted by mechanical means. Multivariate analysis was utilized to investigate the effect of soil type and water temperature on the measurements. Statistical analysis indicates that SNR readings ob tained from the ADV are affected by water temperature and particle size distribution of the soil, as expected, and a prediction model is presented relating SNR readings to SSC mea surements where both water temperature and sediment characteristics type are incorporated into the model. The coefficients of the suggested model were obtained using the multivariate anal ysis. Effect of high turbidity conditions on ADV performance was also investigated during and after rain events.     

一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。     

环境电磁辐射测量比对

为考核辐射环境监测质量,浙江省辐射环境监测站组织了2010年全省辐射环境监测网络环境电磁辐射测量比对。采用稳健Z比分数法评价测量数据的一致性。结果表明,射频综合场强测量比对中,9台仪器测量结果满意,1台仪器测量结果离群。工频电磁场测量比对中,有9台仪器测量结果满意,2台仪器测量结果离群。88%的测量值为满意结果,12%为离群结果,测量比对有效地发现了测量仪器存在的问题,保证监测工作结果的准确性。     

生态环境第三方检测机构计量器具量值溯源管理问题探讨

构建科学、准确、有效的量值溯源体系是实验室质量管理的重要内容.在国家市场监督管理总局新发布的《实施强制管理的计量器具目录》中,涉及环境监测用途的类别大幅度减少.在此背景下,研究介绍了量值溯源中检定和校准的差异及适用范围,强调不应将检测作为量值溯源的方式.分类比较了国内现有具备量传能力的计量技术机构,对目前生态环境监测领...     

葫芦脲聚合膜的制备及其在水体被动采样技术中的应用

基于葫芦脲的超分子特性,以醋酸纤维素为载体,制备了葫芦脲膜,采用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析对膜的性能进行了表征,研究了葫芦脲膜对三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC)的吸附性能,验证了以葫芦脲膜为结合相的被动采样技术测定2种物质的可行性。结果表明:葫芦脲分子确实被引入到醋酸纤维素中,相比于醋酸纤维素膜,葫芦脲膜具有更强的热稳定性和吸附性能;以葫芦脲膜为结合相的被动采样装置在不同环境因素(pH值、离子强度、可溶性有机质)下都具有良好的工作稳定性;将该装置布设到南京市秦淮河中的2个采样点,野外实验验证了该采样装置应用于监测实际水体中的TCS和TCC的可行性。     

The effect of metals and ammonia on SO2 oxidation to sulphates in the ambient air

The effect of metals and ammonia on the relationship between mass concentrations of sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the air was studied near an aluminium plant over a 1-year period. Sulphur dioxide, sulphates and ammonia in the air as well as metals (Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Al) in the deposit were measured at four measuring sites.The levels of mass concentrations of SO₂ were low at all measuring sites while the levels of mass concentrations of sulphates in the air and concentrations of metals in the deposit were high. The levels of ammonia were found to decrease in relationship to the distance from the source of pollution.The relationship between the mass concentrations of sulphate and SO₂ can be described by the equation y=ax ^b ;where y is the percentage of sulphate sulphur in the total sulphur (sulphate and SO₂) and x is the mass concentration of the total sulphur in the air. The values of the coefficients a and b are characteristic of individual areas.As the results show the coefficients a and b obtained at a measuring site close to the plant and outside the urban area are characteristic of an industrial area. At control sites in the urban area the coefficients are characteristic of an urban area. At the measuring site close to the industrial zone and the centre of the urban area the interaction of the effects occurs. Therefore, the coefficient a is characteristic of an urban area and b of an industrial one.     

Validation of diffusive mini-samplers for aldehyde and VOC and its feasibility for measuring the exposure levels of elementary school children

Exposure to various chemicals can cause adverse effects to health, such as asthma and allergies, especially in children. Data on personal exposure levels in children are scarce, thus small lightweight diffusive mini-samplers for aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were designed to measure the exposure level of children to these chemicals. The aim of the study was to validate and examine the applicability of these mini-samplers for measuring daily chemical exposure. The diffusive mini-samplers are 20 mm in length, 11 mm in diameter, and 1.67 g in weight. The devices are cylindrically shaped with polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters placed at each end. To measure aldehydes and acetone, 20 mg of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used as an absorbent. To measure VOCs, a carbon molecular sieve was used. The sampling rate for each chemical was determined by parallel sampling with active samplers in a closed exposure bag. The blank levels of the chemicals and the storage stability of the device were tested. The mini-samplers were compared to commercially available diffusive samplers. To examine the applicability of the samplers, 65 elementary school children carried them for 24 h. The sampling rates for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 20.9, 22.9, and 19.7 mL min(-1), respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for the 24-hour sampling by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) analysis were 8.3, 7.6, and 8.8 μg m(-3) for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone, respectively. The sampling rates for the 11 VOCs were determined and ranged from 3.3 mL min(-1) for styrene and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol to 11.7 mL min(-1) for benzene. The LOQ for the 24-hour sampling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis ranged from 5.9-105.2 μg m(-3), 1.1-24.7 parts per billion. The storage stability after 5 days ranged from 94.8 to 118.2%. Formaldehyde, acetone, benzene, and toluene were detected above the LOQ in more than 90% of the children, and the median concentrations were 21.7, 20.9, 10.1, and 21.5 μg m(-3), respectively. This study shows that the diffusive samplers developed were suitable for children to carry and were capable of measuring the children's daily chemical exposure.     

Development of monitoring technology for airborne particulate matter

Particulate matter suspended in the air has adverse effects onhuman health. Its level of concentration is an important parameter in evaluating the degree of hazard it poses to the atmosphere. Conventional methods used in measuring particulatematter are often filter-based, which indicates some disadvantagesbecause such a base requires labor and time. In this study, to achieve real-time measurements, a new electrical method was developed for measuring PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. The basicprinciple is to electrically charge particles passing through thePM inlet using a corona charger and measure the currents createdby charged particles to obtain the number concentration of particulate matter. A new type inlet based on the particle cupimpactor configuration was designed and its performance was evaluated. A unipolar diffusion charger was developed and thecharger's efficiency was determined experimentally in terms ofPn, which represents the penetration through the charger,P, times the average charge number acquired by a particle,n, for different particle sizes. The correlation was constructed between the PM10 (or the PM2.5) mass concentrationsand the electrical currents due to particles, which were chargedby the diffusion charger.     

气相色谱测定总挥发性有机化合物过程中溶剂作用探讨

气相色谱测定总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的定量依据是一定量的物质在检测器上产生一定强度的响应信号,信号强弱反映物质量的大小。实践发现,在定量过程中,溶剂也会影响物质在检测器上的响应信号强度,使测定结果产生偏差,溶剂是影响检测不可忽视的一个重要因素。     

Methods used for estimating fugitive emission rates of air pollutants and their application in China

This paper presents a series of methods for measuring and estimating fugitive emission rates, which have been widely applied in environmental impact assessment and establishing national emission standard and health protection zone (buffer zone) standards in China.     

地表水自动监测站高锰酸盐指数在线监测仪测定误差原因分析及解决办法

从仪器量程及温度、加热时间、溶液的酸度、校准试剂选择等实验条件方面对引起我国地表水自动监测站的高锰酸盐指数在线监测仪测定误差的原因进行了分析。由于高锰酸盐指数是一个条件性指标,实验条件对测定结果的影响较大,在线监测仪必须严格控制实验条件,其测定结果与手工方法才具有可比性。对仪器实验条件进行优化选择,对于保证高锰酸盐指数在线监测仪测定结果的准确性,更好地发挥水质自动站的预警监视作用有一定的指导意义。     

Microeconomic measurement of the social costs of environmental regulation

This paper provides a coherent microeconomic framework for defining and measuring the social costs of environmental regulations. A fundamental identity between two alternative means of measuring social costs is established and used to illustrate how erroneous methodologies have crept into the impact assessment literature. Several interesting cases of “ripple effects” including those related to the siting of hazardous waste disposal facilities are considered using this identity.     

水体中叶绿素a测定方法的研究

对水体中叶绿素a的测定方法进行了研究,确定了乙醇免研法测定水体中叶绿素a的实验条件。用95%乙醇替代90%丙酮作为萃取剂,用高温免研磨萃取替代研磨萃取,其结果是乙醇免研法与丙酮法测定结果的相对偏差在可接受范围内; 同时对测定结果进行统计分析显示, 乙醇法的测定结果与丙酮法无显著性差异,且乙醇免研法萃取效率有所提高,其测定结果均略高于丙酮法,说明乙醇免研法可以替代丙酮法。     

伊宁市空气微生物浓度状况初步调查分析

对伊宁市的空气微生物浓度进行了初步调查分析，结果表明，伊宁市部分区域空气（占总测点的22．2％）处于超重度微生物污染，并且初步讨论分析了导致不同功能区和不同时间段大气微生物浓度差异的原因。     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中氯化氢时应注意的问题

用离子色谱法测定大气中低浓度氯化氢,方法灵敏、准确度高,但测定过程极易受污染干扰.本文主要探讨了在前期准备、采样和分析全过程中应注意的一些问题.     

An automatic monitor of formaldehyde in air by a monitoring tape method

An automatic monitor has been developed for measuring formaldehyde in air using a sensitive tape for formaldehyde. It is based on the color change of the tape on reaction with formaldehyde. The porous cellulose tape, containing silica gel as an absorbent and impregnated with the processing solution containing hydroxylamine sulfate, Methyl Yellow (pH indicator; pH 2.9-4.0, red-yellow), glycerin and methanol, was found to be a highly sensitive means of detecting formaldehyde and maintains a stable sensitivity. When the tape was exposed to a sample of air containing formaldehyde, the color of the tape changed from yellow to red. The degree of color change was proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde at a constant sampling time and flow rate, and it could be recorded by measuring the intensity of reflected light (555 nm). The tape could be used to detect down to 0.08 ppm (World Health Organization standard) of formaldehyde with a sampling time of 30 min and a flow rate of 100 mL min-1. Reproducibility tests showed that the relative standard deviation of response (n = 10) was 3.8% for 0.1 ppm formaldehyde. The monitor is simple, specific, capable of unattended operation and is recommended for both laboratory and field operation.