三亚电厂工程影响潮流场数值模拟

运用嵌套方法对拟建三亚电厂工程海域潮流场进行了数值模拟，预测了电厂码头工程对潮流场的影响。模拟结果表明，嵌套方法的应用更精确地模拟了海岸线的几何形状，提高了工程海域潮流场的精度，清晰地再现了流场的微细结构。     

高架点源大气扩散的数值计算法

使用数值计算的方法来计算给定源强下的高架排放点源的浓度场分布情况。通过求解复杂地形上的大气热力———动力学方程组及扩散方程 ,建立了三维的风场、浓度场的数值模拟模式 ,并以云南开远电厂为例 ,对模式进行了验证。证明此方法可以成为解决复杂地形上大气污染扩散的实用方法。     

燃煤电厂氟污染规律研究

长期饮用高氟水或摄取高氟食物会引起氟中毒症，本文以燃用高氟煤物的淮北电厂为例，通过对电厂氟污染源及其周围大气，地表水，地下水，灰场土壤和灰场农作物的监测，分析了电厂的氟迁移转化规律，研究了电厂的氟污染源对周围环境的影响，并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策。     

AERMOD和CALPUFF对沿海电厂烟气扩散模拟对比研究

使用《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ2.2-2008)推荐的环境空气质量模式(AERMOD和CALPUFF)对海陆风日沿海电厂的烟气扩散进行了对比模拟研究。模拟结果表明:由于大电厂的烟气抬升高度较高,大电厂烟囱的有效高度往往会高于珠江口海陆风的厚度,因此该区域海陆风对大电厂烟气扩散的影响不大;在海陆风发生时,由于风向的垂直切变极大,在此种情况下,AERMOD模式对烟气扩散的模拟结果明显不合理;同时,2个模式模拟的落地浓度值在某些情况下可能会有较大的差距;在某些气象条件下,电厂烟气会扩散到非常远的地方,由于AERMOD模式模拟范围有限(50 km),因此不适用于此种情况下烟气扩散的模拟。根据以上研究结果,建议在沿海区域,针对重大污染源的大气环境影响评价尽量使用CALPUFF模式进行核算验证。     

全封闭垃圾焚烧空气污染影响与控制措施

以大坦沙资源电厂为研究对象 ,通过对全封闭垃圾燃烧、污染物去除、废气高空排放工艺流程分析以及运用列举法和大气扩散数学模式对全封闭垃圾焚烧厂的污染影响与控制进行了探究 ,提出了有关垃圾焚烧空气污染防治对策和建议 ,为垃圾焚烧处理提供参考     

火电厂燃煤中氟化物的转化迁移问题

火电厂燃煤中氟化物的转化迁移问题张家骅，李素珍武汉水利电力大学４３００７２目前国内不少燃煤电厂的灰场排水氟化物存在着超标问题，不仅污染了水环境，而且也增加了电厂污染物排放费用，为了顺利地开展灰水氟超标的治理工作，有必要首先通过调查研究，摸清燃煤电厂生...     

燃煤电厂氟的迁移转化与治理对策

煤中的氟在电厂生产过程中以气氟、水氟和渣氟的形式扩散到周围环境中。本文以燃用高氟煤的淮北电厂为例，分析了氟的迁移转化规律，并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策。结果表明：电厂的氟主要来自高氟煤，约占电厂排放总氟的97％；湿法除尘系统的渣氟、水氟和气氟排放量分别占其总排放量的52．5％、34．4％、和12．2％，干法除尘系统则分别占其总排放量的43．5％、9．5％和42．0％。     

外海抛泥过程中悬浮泥沙扩散输移的数值模拟

建立了平面2D潮流和增量悬沙输移扩散的数学模型,通过非结构网格的有限单元法离散求解.应用该模型对苍南电厂港池和航道疏浚物抛泥过程中悬沙扩散输移模拟,模拟结果与工程施工过程的监测结果吻合较好,数字化的再现了抛泥过程中悬沙的输移扩散机理,为苍南电厂港池和外航道疏浚物倾倒区选划和环境影响评价提供了依据.     

基于CFD方法的燃煤电厂烟气排放数值模拟

为研究燃煤电厂的烟气扩散,采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法对燃煤电厂烟气排放中污染物（包含气态污染物和固态颗粒物）的扩散形态进行模拟.燃煤电厂的排烟方式主要有烟塔合一和烟囱两种,根据几何参数建立烟塔合一及烟囱的数值模型,采用纳维-斯托克斯方程（Navier-Stokes equations,N-S equations）求解流场及气态污染物浓度场,采用离散相模型（Discrete Phase Model,DPM）计算固态颗粒污染物运动轨迹.结果表明:对于气态污染物,由于冷却塔下游漩涡的卷吸作用,采用烟塔合一排放的烟气最大浓度和超标范围随环境风速的增加逐渐增大,不利于烟气扩散.但随着环境风速的增加,空气的对流作用逐渐增强,从而加速了烟气的扩散.在漩涡和环境风的综合作用下,烟气的最大浓度和超标范围在环境风速为6 m/s时达到最大值,随后随着环境风速增加而减小.采用烟囱排放的烟气由于漩涡作用很小,因此其最大浓度及超标范围随风速的增加呈递减趋势.得益于烟气在冷却塔内的预扩散,采用烟塔合一排放的烟气最大浓度比采用烟囱排放的烟气最大浓度低将近1个数量级,但这种优势会随着环境风速的增加而减小.对于固态污染物,冷却塔后方的漩涡会加速颗粒物的扩散,因此采用烟塔合一排放的颗粒物的扩散状态远优于采用烟囱排放的颗粒物的扩散状态.      

燃煤电厂氟的迁移转化与治疗对策

煤中的氟在电厂生产过程中以气氟、消气缆渣氟的形式扩散到周围环境中。本文以燃用高氟煤的淮北电厂为例，分析了氟的多转化规律。并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策，结果表明，电厂的氟主要来自高氟煤，约占电感和排放总氟的９７％；湿法尘系统的渣氟、水氟和气氟排放量分别占其癖排放量的５２．５％，３４．４％、１２．２％，干法除尘系统则分别占其总排放量的４３．５％、９．５％ ４２．０％。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.