应用四种体外消化方法比较研究场地土壤中重金属的生物可给性及其人体健康风险

本研究采用PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、DIN(Deutsches Institut für Normung)、IVG(Invitro Gastrointestinal)和UBM(Unified BARGE Method)等4种体外消化方法,比较8个工矿废弃场地土壤中6种典型重金属的生物可给性并进行健康风险评估分析.结果显示,在4种方法的胃阶段,土壤Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的生物可给性范围分别为1.57%—88.07%、6.69%—129.78%、8.68%—122.62%、18.55%—128.75%、4.17%—61. 14%和32. 22%—118. 44%;小肠阶段分别为0—43. 49%、3. 12%—61. 94%、4. 75%—123. 91%、1.48%—99.02%、5.93%—39.70%和8.48%—67.83%.总体而言,采集的场地土壤中多数重金属生物可给性在各方法的胃阶段均显著高于小肠阶段.土壤重金属在胃阶段的生物可给性分析显示,Co、Ni、Cu和As在UBM和IVG方法中较高,Zn在DIN方法中最高,Cd在UBM和DIN方法中高于其他方法.土壤重金属在小肠阶段的生物可给性分析显示,Co和Ni在UBM方法中最高,Cu在DIN和UBM方法中高于PBET和IVG方法; Zn生物可给性的顺序为DINPBETIVGUBM; As和Cd在IVG方法中均较高.与基于总量的重金属健康风险评估相比,采用生物可给性为评估参数,对8个场地土壤进行的评估分析显示风险水平显著降低,本研究中的场地土壤若采用基于总量的评估方法可能会高估重金属污染的风险.     

硅胶吸附管采样-超高效液相色谱法测定空气中7种苯胺类化合物

建立了空气中苯胺类化合物(ADs)的硅胶吸附管采样-超高压液相色谱分析方法.通过硅胶填料吸附管,以0.5 L·min-1流速采集空气中ADs.采用1 m L含1%氨水的甲醇,对硅胶填料解吸20 min.解吸溶液经0.22μm尼龙滤膜过滤,采用超高效液相色谱法分析,紫外检测波长为250 nm.7种ADs在5 min内实现基线分离,在0.05—2.0 mg·L-1线性相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限为0.3—4.5μg·m-3(采样体积10 L),在0.05、0.2μg和2.0μg加标水平下,回收率分别为86%—121%、90%—119%和87%—103%,RSD分别为2.2%—4.8%、0.7%—3.6%和1.6%—3.6%.结果表明该方法适用于空气中7种ADs的同时测定.     

牛奶中二噁英测定方法的优化

以国内外文献和研究方法为基础,对比了液液萃取、冷冻干燥+索氏提取以及硅藻土+索氏提取3种方法提取牛奶样品中的二噁英,优化了牛奶中17种2,3,7,8位取代PCDD/Fs的测定方法,建立了冷冻干燥-索式提取-一段法层析柱+凝胶渗透色谱柱净化-高分辨气质联用分析方法.实验结果表明,17种2,3,7,8位取代的PCDD/Fs的方法检出限范围为0.003—0.033 pg·mL-1.空白加标实验中目标化合物回收率为76.0%—103.6%.同位素内标回收率为55.3%—102.7%,RSD范围为3.8%—10.3%.该分析方法准确可靠、灵敏、操作简便,适用于牛奶中二噁英的测定.     

噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中残留的方法.本方法甜瓜中噻苯隆的平均回收率为90.2%—107.3%,变异系数为3.5%—12.9%;土壤中噻苯隆的平均回收率为81.4%—94.0%,变异系数为3.1%—8.8%.采用田间试验研究了噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,河南和山东,噻苯隆在甜瓜中的消解半衰期为0.7—1.2d,土壤中的消解半衰期为4.1—7.6d.在甜瓜上使用0.1%的噻苯隆可湿性粉剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药一次,收获期距最后一次施药35d,噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.001mg.kg-1.说明噻苯隆为低残留,易降解农药.     

UHPLC-MSMS测定环境水中的联苯胺

建立了一种使用超高效液相色谱仪和三重四极杆质谱仪联用(UHPLE-MSMS)测定环境水中联苯胺的方法.该方法为直接进样法,样品经0.22μm滤膜过滤后直接进行定量分析.对联苯胺的线性、仪器精密度、方法检出限(MDL)、定量限(LOQ)和加标回收率进行验证.联苯胺的线性良好,相关系数为0.9999;0.5μg.L-1、2μg.L-1和10μg.L-1标准溶液重复6份测试结果显示,其峰面积和保留时间的相对标准偏差分别在0.10%—0.17%和1.01%—4.87%之间,仪器精密度良好;MDL为0.08μg.L-1;LOQ为0.31μg.L-1;加标回收率为89.9%—103.8%.     

同位素稀释气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中20种多溴联苯

本文建立了土壤和沉积物中20种多溴联苯的同位素稀释气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析方法.样品经索氏提取、多层硅胶柱净化,采用气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析,各组分在10—1000 ng·m L~(-1)范围内线性良好,平均相对响应因子(RRF)的偏差在2.9%—15.1%之间.方法检出限在2.57—135 ng·kg~(-1)之间,批间偏差为1.0%—15.1%.低、中、高的3个加标水平实际样品平均回收率为64.8%±5.5%—156%±7.1%.该方法可用于土壤和沉积物中痕量多溴联苯的检测.     

超高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱-直接进样分析地表水中硝基酚类化合物

本文建立了一种使用岛津超高效液相色谱仪Nexera X2和三重四极杆质谱仪LCMS-8050联用直接进样分析水中硝基酚类化合物的方法.本方法可在5 min内完成3种硝基酚类化合物分析.采用内标法定量,方法线性范围为0.1—100.0μg·L~(-1),相关系数大于0.998,各浓度回读值准确度在85.8%—112.7%之间.3个浓度下保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD%)分别在0.10%—0.20%和0.85%—3.30%之间.进样2.0μL,方法检出限在0.022—0.034μg·L~(-1)之间,测定下限在0.088—0.136μg·L~(-1)之间.地表水3个不同浓度样品加标回收率在86.7%—94.5%之间.残留实验结果为阴性.     

血清中二噁英测定方法的优化

以国内外文献及标准方法为基础,优化了血清中17种2、3、7、8位取代的PCDD/Fs的测定方法,建立了同位素内标稀释-索式萃取一段法层析柱净化-高分辨气质联用分析方法.实验结果表明,17种2、3、7、8位取代的PCDD/Fs的方法检出限范围为3.72—14.74 pg.基质加标实验中目标化合物回收率为94.61%—117.14%,标准参考物质SRM1958中PCDD/Fs的多数单体测定结果也在参考值范围内.实际样品同位素内标回收率为66.2%—95.2%,RSD是4.0%—9.0%.该分析方法准确可靠、灵敏、操作简便,适用于血清中二噁英的测定.     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水稻中嘧菌酯和戊唑醇含量

建立了简便、高效、同时测定水稻中嘧菌酯和戊唑醇两种不同类型杀菌剂的检测方法,对比了几种常用的提取溶剂和不同的提取方法之间的回收率和净化效果,选择了分散固相萃取作为样品前处理方法.采用GC-MS-SIM方法进行检测,外标法定量,为水稻中嘧菌酯和戊唑醇的分离测定提供了有效可行的方法,相对于当前较多使用的液相色谱-质谱检测方法节省了时间和检测成本.结果表明,嘧菌酯在0.002—2.5μg·mL-1质量浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,最小检出量为0.002 ng,在稻米、稻壳和植株的最低检出浓度分别为0.008、0.016、0.016 mg·kg-1;戊唑醇在0.001—2.5μg·mL-1质量浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,最小检出量为0.001ng,在稻米、稻壳和植株的最低检出浓度分别为0.004、0.008、0.008 mg·kg-1.在稻米、稻壳、植株中分别进行了3个水平的添加回收实验,戊唑醇的平均添加回收率为78.9%—104.3%,相对标准偏差为1.4%—6.0%;嘧菌酯的平均添加回收率为86.9%—104.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%—7.5%.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.采用超声提取,以正己烷提取样品中的PAEs,提取液经0.45μm滤膜过滤后进仪器测定.实验表明,8种PAEs的平均回收率为78.1%—104.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.2%—4.8%,方法检出限为10—40μg·kg~(-1).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可用于有机肥中增塑剂的测定.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.