超重力技术碱法深度脱除高浓度SO_2实验研究

本文使用超重力技术,以Na_2SO_3+NaOH/K_2SO_3+KOH为吸收剂,进行高浓度SO_2模拟烟气的脱硫实验研究。考察了吸收剂pH值、超重力机转速及实验液气比对于SO_2脱除率的影响。结果表明在超重力环境下SO_2脱除率随吸收剂pH值、超重力转速以及液气比的增加而增大。当吸收剂pH值在7及以上时SO_2脱除率便可以达到99%以上,实现了SO_2的深度脱除,达到了出口气中SO_2超低排放的理想目标,是烟气脱硫的理想选择。同时对比表明,相同条件下以K_2SO_3+KOH为吸收剂,对于烟气中SO_2的脱除效果要优于以Na_2SO_3+NaOH为吸收剂。     

乙二胺四乙酸合钴吸收一氧化氮的研究

采用乙二胺四乙酸合钴对NO气体进行络合吸收实验,以实现湿法脱硝。试验初步研究Co2+EDTA络合吸收NO的反应条件,主要影响因素包括氧含量、p H值、反应温度和吸收剂浓度。研究结果表明,有氧存在时,Co2+EDTA具有一定的脱除NO能力。在50℃时,鼓泡反应装置中当氧质量分数为10%,溶液p H=9.0时,以0.01 mol/L的Co2+EDTA作为吸收液与NO进行反应,脱硝率可达到74%以上,并可维持一定时间的脱硝作用。     

Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA溶液脱除NO实验研究

在脱硝喷淋系统上研究了各实验条件对Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合脱除NO的影响,结果表明:吸收液的酸碱度影响Fe~(2+)/EDTA络合形式,当溶液处于弱酸、弱碱条件下有效脱硝络合形式Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA浓度最高;当配制Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合剂时,Fe~(2+)/EDTA摩尔比为3 2时脱硝效率最大,过多的Fe~(2+)或EDTA不利于脱硝;当温度由30℃上升至80℃时脱硝效率下降了36%;在0.05mol/L的Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA的吸收液中加入0.1mol/L的氨水,可实现40%的脱硝率和90%的脱硫率。     

不同液气比条件下氨法脱碳工艺影响因素试验研究

基于氨法脱碳工艺,对不同液气比下各工艺参数对CO_2脱除率的影响开展了试验研究。结果表明,氨水浓度和烟气停留时间的提升能够有效提高CO_2的脱除率,而反应温度、CO_2体积分数及CO_2负载量的提高不利于CO_2的脱除。通过调整液气比可以缓解各工艺参数对CO_2脱除率的影响,维持系统稳定。综合对比试验结果,认为液气比合适的应用范围为6~8 L/m3。     

配方型吸附剂脱硫脱硝的实验研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制得(V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2)SCR催化剂,以质量配比为3 1的活性焦和载银沸石为载体制备负载V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2得到活性焦-载银沸石配方型吸附剂,利用X射线光电子能谱仪和X射线多晶衍射仪对SCR催化剂进行表征。在固定床实验系统上进行该配方型吸附剂的脱硫脱硝的实验研究。实验结果表明,SO_2质量浓度为3 428 mg/m3、温度为120℃、O_2体积分数为6%、H_2O体积分数为8%的条件下,脱硫效率达到66.67%;当温度升高时,脱硫效率降低;SO_2质量浓度升高时,SO_2脱除效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势;氧气体积分数对SO_2的脱除有较大影响。NO质量浓度为821 mg/m3、温度为180℃、O_2体积分数为6%、NH_3/NO为1的条件下,NO脱除效率达到53.8%;温度升高,脱硝效率增加;NO的质量浓度对NO脱除效率影响不大;NH_3/NO是影响脱硝的一个重要因素,脱硝效率与其比值呈正相关。     

膜吸收器吸收CO2的影响因素研究

采用聚丙烯中空纤维膜吸收器,用水、NaOH和K2CO3 水溶液作为吸收剂进行高浓度CO2 吸收试验,考察了气体流率、吸收剂流率、质量分数以及流动方式对吸收率、传质系数和传质速率的影响.结果表明,随着气体流率增大,CO2的吸收率递减,总传质系数和总传质速率增加.在一定的气体流率下,吸收液流率增大,CO2的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率增大;吸收液浓度提高,吸收率增大,总传质系数和总传质速率提高.在气体流率较低时,质量分数为5%和8%的NaOH水溶液为吸收剂时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率比较接近.随着气体流率增大,NaOH质量分数为8%时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率增加的值大大超过NaOH质量分数为5%时增加的值.以水为吸收剂时,气体与吸收剂的流动方式为逆流时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率高于并流时的值.     

磷矿浆催化氧化湿法脱硝研究

采用液相催化氧化NO_x的方法,通过磷矿浆中过渡金属离子的催化作用,达到净化电厂烟气中NO的目的。考察了烟气含氧量、吸收温度、磷矿浆固液比及气体流量对磷矿浆湿法脱硝的影响。结果表明,试验最佳条件为NO进口质量浓度670 mg/m~3、磷矿浆吸收温度25℃、固液比500 g/L、流量0.3 L/min、含氧量20%;优化条件下的磷矿浆脱除效率最高可达88.9%。随着磷矿浆湿法催化氧化脱硝反应的进行,p H值不断下降,导致磷矿浆逐渐失效,需补入新鲜矿浆,维持吸收液的p H值以保证良好脱硝率。     

O_3/H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)催化氧化深度处理煤气化废水的研究

采用O_3/H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)均相催化臭氧氧化体系对煤气化废水进行深度处理,并对比了O_3和O_3/H_2O_2氧化体系的氧化效率。考察了连续O_3曝气试验条件下各影响因子对煤气化废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:在各自氧化体系最优条件下,O_3/H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)体系对煤气化废水的氧化效果最佳,其次为O_3/H_2O_2和O_3体系;在反应时间为40min,pH=6.01,O_3、H_2O_2和FeSO4·7H_2O投加量分别为126.2mg/L、57 mg/L和58.26 mg/L条件下,O_3/H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)均相催化臭氧氧化处理煤气化废水后,出水CODCr由126.2 mg/L降到29.1 mg/L,去除率为76.94%,色度、浊度的去除率分别为99.33%、70.64%;废水的BOD5/CODCr由初始0.04提高到0.35,废水的可生化性显著提高。研究表明,O_3/H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)均相催化臭氧氧化体系可以高效地对煤气化废水进行深度处理。     

生物膜催化氧化烟气脱硫工艺条件研究

分别研究了SO2入口质量浓度、喷淋液Fe^2 浓度、喷淋率、空塔气速以及喷淋液循环使用对脱硫效率的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳操作条件下(SO2入口质量浓度小于2g/m^3,喷淋液中Fe^2 浓度≥0．06mol／L,液气比约为11 L／m^3,空塔气速约为0．15m／s),脱硫效率可达96％以上。     

新型气流剪切错流旋转填料床的综合性能评判

针对旋转填料床除尘效率低和运行能耗高的问题，通过改变上旋转填料环填料（上填料）和下旋转填料环填料（下填料）的孔隙率，增加填料环直径形成填料床壁面外突实现设备优化，研究超重力因子和气速对气流剪切错流旋转填料床（GSC-RPB）和新型气流剪切错流旋转填料床（NGSC-RPB）的影响，并提出应用品质因子评判填料床综合性能的方法。实验结果表明:优化前后旋转填料床的除尘效率和气相压力随着气速和超重力因子的增加而增加；NGSC-RPB的除尘效率较GSC-RPB有显著提高，NGSC-RPB的气相压降则略有降低；在达到国家超低排放浓度标准即5 mg/m3的前提下，通过对品质因子的分析可知，NGSC-RPB的综合性能有所提高，在气速为1.3 m/s，超重力因子为90~120时NGSC-RPB的综合性能最优。     

水蒸气对乙烷在金属铁表面还原NO的影响

温度在300~1 100℃时,由程序控温电加热水平陶瓷管反应器在N_2气氛和模拟烟气气氛下,试验研究了水蒸气对乙烷(C_2H_6)在金属铁表面还原NO的影响。在不同温度和模拟烟气中C_2H_6的化学计量比条件下测试了NO的还原效率,讨论了水蒸气对NO还原效率的影响。对反应后铁样品的组分和微观结构变化进行了XRD和SEM分析。结果表明,水蒸气参与了金属铁的氧化反应,而C_2H_6参与了Fe2O3的还原反应,它们的共同作用影响了铁表面的微观结构和组分的变化,从而影响了NO的还原效率。在N_2气氛中,700℃以上时水蒸气降低了C_2H_6还原NO的效率。当C_2H_6的量一定时,随着水蒸气的增加,NO的还原效率有一定的增大。有水蒸气、800℃以下时,不使用C_2H_6时的NO还原效率低于有C_2H_6时,而在800℃以上时高于有C_2H_6时的NO还原效率。在N_2氛围和含有水蒸气条件下,800℃以下时C_2H_6在金属铁表面还原NO的效率要高于相同条件下甲烷(CH4)的效率;800℃以上时C_2H_6/CH4在金属铁表面还原NO的效率的差距逐渐减少。在模拟烟气、800℃以上、富燃料条件下,水蒸气和SO_2对C_2H_6在金属铁表面还原NO的影响较小,可忽略。在模拟烟气(O_2体积分数2.0%、CO_2体积分数16.8%、NO体积分数0.05%、H_2O体积分数7%、SO_2体积分数0.02%、N_2配平)、900℃以上、富燃料条件下,如空气过量系数SR1=0.7时,C_2H_6还原NO的效率超过90%。在富氧条件下,水蒸气使NO的还原效率显著提高,如在模拟烟气(O_2体积分数2.0%、CO_2体积分数16.8%、NO体积分数0.05%、N_2配平)中,当SR1=1.2、1 000℃时,体积分数7%的水蒸气使NO的还原效率增加了27.6%。     

石灰浆液荷电喷雾烟气脱硫模型与试验

荷电喷雾烟气脱硫技术是在喷雾湿法烟气脱硫基础上引入荷电效应,使之在较低的喷雾量下获得较高的脱硫效率.为了研究其脱硫机理,以实验室小试装置为基础,从气液传质人手对雾滴传质过程进行简化,考虑静电场中雾滴所受的库仑力与极化力,利用双膜理论建立荷电喷雾烟气脱硫过程的数学模型,对脱硫效率进行预测与分析.模型计算及实验结果表明,模...     

A Non-Wetting Packed Bed Gas Scrubber

The operation of a small-scale packed column working under non-wetting condition was investigated to provide insight and design data for the subsequent development of a liquid metal irrigated packed bed gas scrubber. An 8 cm internal diameter Perspex column was used, packed with 9.5 mm polyethylene spheres and 10.0 mm glass spheres coated with paraffin wax. A counter-current air–water system was used. The packings well all essentially hydrophobic promoting a non-wetting water flow condition, simulating liquid metal flow on solid packings. Results on flow visualization, flooding capacity and liquid holdup trends, as well as the particulate removal performance of the non-wetting packed bed scrubber are presented in this paper. The maximum water droplet size on the non-wettable spherical packing surface could be estimated from the static equilibrium of a pendent droplet, governed by surface tension and gravitational force. The flooding capacity and liquid holdup trends of the water-irrigated packed column operating under non-wetting condition were found to be similar to those reported for liquid metal systems despite the pronounced differences in liquid density and surface tension. This suggests that the hydrodynamics of a packed column in non-wetting operation are largely influenced by the liquid–solid contact angle which overrides the dissimilarities in liquid physical properties. Good particulate removal performance was demonstrated by the non-wetting packed bed scrubber.     

Numerical simulation of flue gas desulfurization characteristics in CFB with bypass ducts

A new process of flue gas desulfurization in circulating fluidized bed with flue gas bypass ducts is presented. k–? Model, Discrete Phase Model and Finite-Rate Chemistry Model are proposed to simulate the desulfurization process characteristics in circulating fluidized bed reactor. The proposed model is validated by the comparison of experimental data and simulation results. The results show that the desulfurization reactor with bypass ducts is superior to the reactor without bypass ducts. The reactor with bypass ducts has higher desulfurization efficiencies and lower flow resistances than the reactor without bypass ducts, and it is more suitable for flue gas flow variation. Desulfurization reaction rate is controlled by absorption reaction on sorbent particles surface. When water content and Ca/S ratio increase, desulfurization efficiency of the reactor with bypass ducts increases. When SO₂ concentration increases, desulfurization efficiency decreases.     

Hydrogen sulphide removal from landfill gas

Control of odours should be considered to be a fundamental issue in order to site, design and manage sanitary landfills. With regard to construction and demolition (C&;D) debris, landfilling was the mainly adopted solution in many European Countries; in particular, gypsum drywalls can produce high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) in landfill gas ranging from 7 ppm to 100 ppm. In some cases also dangerous concentrations until to 12,000 ppm were detected. In this paper H₂S removal efficiency in a lab-scale vertical packed scrubber was investigated. Hydrogen sulphide abatement was evaluated for inlet H₂S concentrations of 1000–100–10 ppm, adjusting scrubbing liquid pH in the range 9–12.5 by means of caustic soda (NaOH 2N solution). Moreover, best operating conditions for the system were defined as well as H₂S abatement along the tower and liquid recirculation effectiveness in case of inlet H₂S concentration of 10 ppm (typical odour concentration). Results showed that pH of 11.5 in scrubbing liquid could be considered the best value for removal of different inlet H₂S concentrations, also taking into account parasitical consumption of NaOH due to CO₂ absorption. Moreover, in case of continuous working of the system at H₂S concentration of 10 ppm, strong removal efficiency was already obtained with a packed bed height of about 70 cm. Significant performances were ensured after 1 h of constant activity, consuming about 3 ml of soda per cubic meter of polluted air. Subsequently liquid blowdown was necessary.     

Modelling and simulation of an existing MSWI flue gas two-stage dry treatment

Power generation from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is in widespread use as a technology for solid waste treatment and energy recovery. One of the main environmental issues posed by MSWI plants is the continuous emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. Among flue gas components, acid gases are of particular concern due to their high potential impact on the environment. The two-stage dry treatment is among the Best Available Technologies for an enhanced removal efficiency of acid gases. In the first stage the removal process is based on the reaction of acid gases with solid calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), while in the second stage removal is obtained by reaction with sodium bicarbonate. In the present study, design and process data from an existing Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator, where a flue gas two-stage treatment is adopted, were used to test a previously developed operational model. The model was implemented in a simulation software to describe both design and process conditions, taking also into account the recycle rate of solid products and unreacted calcium hydroxide in the first stage. Simulations were carried out with the aim of optimizing both reactant feed rates and amounts of solid wastes formed in the acid gas removal process.     

湿法烟气脱硫对工业粉尘的协同脱除

通过对燃煤锅炉、烧结机和催化裂化炉排放工业烟气的湿法脱硫装置进出口粉尘特性的测试分析,从粉尘的粒径分布、疏水性以及吸收塔的内部结构研究湿法脱硫对3种工业烟气粉尘的协同脱除效果。结果表明,湿法脱硫具有粉尘的协同脱除作用,燃煤锅炉可以通过高效的湿法脱硫协同达到超低排放;而烧结烟气的粉尘疏水性高于燃煤粉尘,脱除效率一般,需要采用更复杂的吸收塔结构;催化裂化的粉尘由于细颗粒物占比更大,颗粒物的脱除效果比燃煤粉尘效果略差。     

鸡粪除臭菌的筛选、培养条件优化及其应用

为了筛选出具有高效除臭能力的菌株,采用驯化富集、平板划线的方法从鸡粪中筛选除臭微生物,采用初筛、复筛相结合的方法检测所筛选微生物的除臭效果。初筛采用嗅阈值法,复筛以氨气和硫化氢的去除率为检测指标,最终获得除臭效果最好的菌株CCJZ022。经过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定菌株CCJZ022为红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis)。对其初始pH值、培养温度及接种量进行优化,发现该菌株在初始pH值为7.0、培养温度为30℃、接种量为12%时除臭效果最好,对氨气和硫化氢的去除率分别可达66.73%和54.51%。利用该菌株进行鸡粪除臭的小试也取得了很好的效果,表明该菌株可以应用于鸡粪除臭。