基于Fluent的埋地原油管道泄漏事故后果分析

埋地输油管道一旦发生泄漏,一方面会造成土壤污染,另一方面当原油泄漏量过多时会上渗到地面形成油池,进而引发池火灾,对人员、环境、设备均会造成危害。为了研究埋地输油管道泄漏事故的后果,为事故救援及处理提供参考,提出了一种针对此类事故的土壤污染、池火灾后果定量分析方法。方法以Fluent软件为工具模拟原油被点燃前的泄漏扩散情况,分析原油在土壤及地面上的扩散规律及范围,并结合危害模型得到池火灾造成的热辐射危害范围。利用该方法对不同管道压力和泄漏孔径的6种工况下的事故进行了分析,结果表明,原油管道泄漏时的压力及泄漏孔径对原油扩散速度影响较大,进而影响避免事故的难易程度。     

基于ArcGIS Engine设计天然气管道泄漏事故后果评估系统

城市天然气管道是城市不可缺少的基础设施之一,为有效遏制天然气管道事故造成的重大灾害,需加强对应急救援系统的研究。选取高斯模型分析泄漏的天然气的扩散过程,并划分事故后果评估区域。利用ArcGIS Engine平台,设计并建立一个城市天然气管道泄漏事故的应急救援系统。利用该系统可模拟天然气管道泄漏后可能发生的气体扩散、火灾、爆炸等事故后果,通过天然气理化参数、天然气泄漏的初始状态和周围环境的气象条件,以可视化方式直观显示不同等级的事故后果评估缓冲区。     

高压天然气管道孔口泄漏扩散浓度与范围仿真探讨

天然气管道的泄漏容易引起火灾、爆炸、中毒、环境污染等恶性事故。建立输气管道泄漏扩散的合理模型是正确评估输气管道事故损失后果的关键技术之一。文中重点研究天然气泄漏与扩散过程机理，并对其中的高斯烟羽、烟团模型进行了修正。以某长输送管段的参数为例计算天然气压力管道的泄漏速度、流量、扩散浓度并且估算确定天然气的泄漏覆盖区域，探讨其扩散的影响范围。     

含硫天然气管道泄漏硫化氢中毒事故影响因素分析

针对含硫天然气管道泄漏人员硫化氢中毒事故,从管道运行、紧急截止阀、泄漏条件和环境四方面分析事故后果影响因素,并确定各个因素的作用.在综合分析管道动态泄漏过程、重气扩散和硫化氢中毒效应的基础上,明确含硫天然气管道泄漏可能产生的室内外最大人员死亡距离.分析表明,管道运行和紧急截止阀影响因素,包括管道压力、管道内径、相邻紧急截止阀间管段长度和低压关断压力,对室内外最大人员死亡距离有直接影响,需建立管道泄漏预防和处置方案,并根据管道周边人员分布情况,采取不同策略予以控制.泄漏条件和环境影响因素,包括泄漏孔径、风速和大气稳定度,具有很大不确定性,共同决定了室内外最大人员死亡距离.推荐采用综合分析方法,在保守分析的基础上指导事故评价和控制工作的开展.     

天然气管道非稳态泄漏扩散的数值模拟

针对长输天然气架空管道泄漏问题,综合考虑风速随海拔变化的边界条件、管道管形及泄漏方向等因素,建立非稳态泄漏模型,对不同管道泄漏压力和不同天然气浓度边界的天然气非稳态泄漏扩散进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在天然气向下泄漏的工况下,天然气气团主要在地面积聚,呈无规则的扩散;天然气管道泄漏压力与气体泄漏扩散速度成正比,与天然气浓度边界达到稳定所需时间成反比:不同泄漏压力下天然气扩散稳定后的扩散距离及泄漏影响面积大致相同;天然气浓度边界越小,达到稳定所需时间越长。     

基于后果的氢气管道泄漏典型事故风险分析

根据高斯羽流、固体火焰模型及TNT当量法,得到针对氢气的扩散、热辐射与超压的后果模型。以我国某氢气管道为例,计算求解后果模型,分析了不同泄漏孔径、不同泄漏喷射角度的氢气管道泄漏典型事故后果,并揭示氢气泄漏扩散、喷射火与爆炸演化原因。量化了氢气管道泄漏的潜在影响半径,发现氢气管道风险大于天然气管道,为氢气管道早期设计与安全运行提供了理论支撑。     

公路隧道内CNG管束气瓶车泄漏天然气扩散CFD仿真

气体管束气瓶车是运输压缩天然气(Compressed Natural Gas, CNG)的重要工具,针对CNG管束气瓶车运输过程中在公路隧道内发生追尾导致泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立CNG管束气瓶车遭追尾致泄漏后果预测与评估模型,对公路隧道内风场条件下泄漏天然气的扩散过程进行模拟与分析,研究CNG管束气瓶车泄漏天然气在隧道内的扩散规律和形成的危险区域范围。仿真结果表明:泄漏天然气扩散具有极速泄漏、外力作用、初期膨胀增长和稳定收缩等特征;喷射气云团能够覆盖肇事车辆前部,可能导致驾驶人员窒息或引发火灾、爆炸事故;实例工况下,泄漏气体扩散至稳态以后,形成爆炸极限浓度范围内的气云分布在肇事车辆前部1.5m至肇事车辆中部之间的区域;进行事故应急响应时,应封锁事故隧道,加强隧道内通风,在消防水枪的稀释掩护下对管束气瓶车进行堵漏作业。     

海底管道泄漏原油扩散漂移规律数值模拟

针对浅海输油管道泄漏原油扩散漂移问题，依据计算流体动力学理论，采用VOF模型和k－ε湍流模型来模拟多相流动，采用速度边界造波法和阻尼消波法来模拟波浪，建立洋流波浪环境下海底管道原油泄漏扩散漂移模型，对不同海洋环境、原油密度和泄漏量工况下的原油扩散漂移行为进行模拟，预测水下原油扩散上升路径、上浮到水面时间、溢油扩散范围以及水面溢油漂移速率等关键数据。研究结果表明:相对于静水、洋流和波浪等单一环境条件，在洋流波浪环境下泄漏原油的水下扩散范围更广、扩散上升速率更小、水面原油漂移速率更大；海洋环境对原油在水面的漂移速率影响较大，泄漏速率对原油的水下上升扩散速率影响较大；原油密度主要影响水下原油上升扩散过程，对水面原油漂移过程影响较小。     

基于Fluent的坡面天然气管道破裂泄漏扩散模拟

为了能够准确的估算输送天然气的管道因泄漏事故导致的损失,就必须建立合理和精确的输气管道泄漏扩散模型。运用流体动力学软件Fluent模拟处于坡面的天然气管道发生破裂时的泄漏扩散规律,得到天然气在泄漏孔径(0.1m,0.18m,0.24m,0.3m)、风速(0 m/s,4m/s,8m/s,10m/s)和泄漏初速度(179m/s,314m/s)对扩散过程的影响,得到坡面天然气管道泄漏扩散规律。研究结果不仅为预测坡面天然气管道泄漏扩散的影响提供了依据,而且对于认识坡面天然气管道泄漏扩散规律、为相关安全事故的预警和救援具有指导意义。     

架空及埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散数值研究

天然气在管道运输过程中,由于含硫等腐蚀性气体对管道内壁的腐蚀作用,在管内其他压力的作用下,会引起穿孔泄漏。泄漏后的天然气扩散后,可能会引发火灾、中毒或爆炸。因此,进行天然气管道泄漏扩散及数值模拟研究,对管道输送安全运营和保障人生财产安全意义重大。该文利用CFD软件对架空及埋地含硫天然气管道穿孔泄漏后的甲烷、硫化氢气体的扩散进行了数值模拟。结果表明,受土壤毛孔阻力的影响,埋地天然气管道泄漏爆炸范围比架空天然气管道泄漏要小,但其在地面的影响时间长,硫化氢的中毒范围比架空要低30m左右。为天然气的安全输送及环境保护提供了理论依据。     

基于CFD的深水钻井溢油事故定量风险评估

针对深水钻井作业过程中的井喷溢油问题,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,通过UDF函数给定海流流剖面、波浪入口边界条件和海水静压分布情况,结合标准k-ε方程,采用VOF模型实现对油、气、水三相自由面的追踪,建立了溢油扩散事故数值仿真模型,评估深水条件下溢油扩散危害区域,研究海流流速、溢油量对原油扩散的影响。结果表明,海流流速和溢油量是原油扩散行为和危害区域分布范围的重要影响因素。     

Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines

In this paper, safety distances around pipelines transmitting liquefied petroleum gas and pressurized natural gas are determined considering the possible outcomes of an accidental event associated with fuel gas release from pressurized transmission systems. Possible outcomes of an accidental fuel gas release were determined by performing the Event Tree Analysis approach. Safety distances were computed for two pipeline transmission systems of pressurized natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas existing in Greece using real data given by Greek Refineries and the Greek Public Gas Enterprise. The software packages chetah and breeze were used for thermochemical mixture properties estimation and quantitative consequence assessment, respectively. Safety distance determination was performed considering jet fire and gas dispersion to the lower flammable limit as the worst-case scenarios corresponding to immediate and delayed cloud ignition. The results showed that the jet fire scenario should be considered as the limiter for safety distances determination in the vicinity of natural and petroleum gas pipelines. Based on this conclusion, the obtained results were further treated to yield functional diagrams for prompt safety distance estimation. In addition, qualitative conclusions were made regarding the effect of atmospheric conditions on possible events. Thus, wind velocity was found to dominate during a jet fire event suppressing the thermal radiation effect, whereas gas dispersion was found to be affected mainly by solar radiation that favors the faster dissolution of fuel gas below the lower flammable limit.     

深水内波条件下井喷原油扩散规律数值仿真分析

为研究深水内波条件下井喷原油扩散问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立深水内波条件下的溢油扩散后果预测模型,研究深水溢油在内波流场中的扩散规律,评估溢油在内波流中的上浮时间、扩散距离等关键风险参数,探讨内波工况、井喷流量及海况条件对深水溢油扩散行为和后果的影响。研究表明:泄漏原油喷射涌入海水中形成射流和羽流,向下部海流出口方向偏移,上升至250m处原油破碎分散为小油滴,受内波剪切作用,扩散范围增大,并向上部海流出口方向偏移,溢出点位置位于泄漏口正上方附近;内波流速变化对原油运移至海面所需时间无明显影响,对横向扩散参数有较明显影响;泄漏速率变化对原油的溢出时间和横向扩散参数均有较明显影响;海况条件对原油溢出时间、运移过程和扩散范围均有较明显影响,其中内波条件下,井喷溢油造成的危害最大。     

高压管道天然气泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟

采用CFD模型的方法对高压管道内的天然气泄漏和扩散过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明，从高压管道泄出的天然气在大气中主要表现为高速射流的泄漏过程和随后的扩散过程。在泄漏过程中，天然气在泄漏口附近为欠膨胀射流，整个泄漏过程具有一定的高度；在扩散过程中，天然气在浮力作用下以向上扩散的形式发展。研究了不同环境风速对扩散过程的影响，较大的风速可以使天然气向下风方向更远的距离扩散，从而增大了天然气爆炸危险浓度的范围。研究结果可     

近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散安全评估研究

为评估近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散风险，基于流体体积与多孔介质方法，建立水下埋地管道泄漏气体扩散预测模型，模拟气体在海底土壤及海水中的运移扩散过程。研究结果表明:泄漏气体在海底土壤中扩散时间较短，扩散直径变化经历快速增长期、缓慢增长期和平稳期3个阶段，海水中羽流直径与羽流高度均随时间增加，且相比羽流高度，羽流直径的增长速度呈现先大后小的态势；增加泄漏孔径与泄漏压力，气体在海底土壤中扩散直径增大，海水中气泡体积明显增加，上浮时间减少，水平偏移量和海面处羽流直径减小。该模型可实现对近海埋地管道气体泄漏的准确预测，得出扩散轨迹等关键羽流数据，为后续的安全评估提供数据支撑和理论支持。     

Comparing tools of varying complexity for calculating the gas dispersion

When handling flammable and/or toxic liquids or gases, the gas dispersion following a release of substance is a scenario to be considered in the risk assessment to determine the lower flammability distance (LFD) and toxicity thresholds. In this work a comparison of different gas dispersion tools of varying complexity ranging from a simple Gaussian model over a boundary layer model (BLM) and a Lagrangian model to CFD (in this case ANSYS CFX v14) is presented. The BLM covers the special case of liquid releases with formation of a pool. It does not only solve the gas dispersion but also calculates the evaporating mass flow out of the pool. The simulation values are compared to each other and to experimental data resulting mainly from our own open air experiments covering the near field and carried out on the Test Site Technical Safety of BAM (BAM-TTS) for different release types (pool evaporation, gas release) and topologies. Other validation data were taken from literature and cover large scale experiments in the range of several 100 m.     

不同坡度对正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性的影响

针对液体燃油储运过程中泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,设计并搭建流淌槽坡度可调式液体燃油流淌火燃烧试验平台,开展连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火试验。选择水平表面(0°)流淌试验作为基准,改变流淌槽的坡度(0.5°,1°和3°),研究分析不同泄漏速率下连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的燃烧面积、燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:1)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特征参数均随泄漏速率增加而明显增加;2)坡度对连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性影响显著,即使流淌槽坡度增加0.5°,其燃烧特性即发生明显改变;3)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的平均稳定燃烧速率随流淌槽坡度的增加反而减小。     

Numerical analysis of toxic cloud generation and dispersion: A case study of the ethylene oxide spill

The present study examined the accidental spill of ethylene oxide, and a sensitivity analysis of the corresponding consequences was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A validation of the gas dispersion CFD model against the experimental data sets included in the model evaluation protocol (MEP) was performed. The effect of the variability of the wind velocity on the extension of the hazardous areas and pool evaporation characteristics was evaluated. Additionally, the mitigation effects of the dike walls surrounding a spill were discussed. CFD simulation results have shown that the mitigation effect of dike walls is determined by their influence on both gas dispersion and pool evaporation and depends strongly on wind velocity in terms of toxic impact distances.     

Dispersion modeling approach for quantification of methane emission rates from natural gas fugitive leaks detected by infrared imaging technique

Recently, infrared optical imaging has been applied in the oil and gas industry as a method to detect potential leaks in pipelines, components and equipment. The EPA suggested that this impending technique is considered as a smart gas LDAR (leak detection, monitoring and repair) for its rapid recognition of leaks, accuracy and robustness. In addition, compared to the conventional method using Total Vapor Analyzer (TVA) or gas sniffer, it has several other advantages, such as the ability to perform real-time scanning and remote sensing, ability to provide area measurement instead of point measurement, and provide an image of the gas which is not visible to naked eye. However, there is still some limitation in the application of optical imaging techniques; it does not give any measurement of gas emissions rates or concentrations of the leaking gas. Infrared cameras can recognize a target gas and distinguish the gas from its surrounding up to a certain concentration, namely the minimum detectable concentration. The value of the minimum detectable concentration depends on the camera design, environmental conditions and surface characteristics when the measurement is taken. This paper proposed a methodology to predict gas emissions rates from the size of the dispersed gas plume or cloud to the minimum detectable concentration. The gas emissions rate is predicted from the downwind distance and the height of the cloud at the minimum detectable concentration for different meteorological conditions. Gas release and dispersion from leaks in natural gas pipeline systems is simulated, and the results are presented.